تعهد نامه
مجله پژوهش در بهداشت محیط

مجله پژوهش در بهداشت محیط

بررسی آلودگی به آفلاتوکسین B1 و اکراتوکسین A در برنج و ذرت عرضه شده در شهرستان بندرعباس

نوع مقاله : Research Paper

نویسندگان
آیدا قنبری
نجمه واحد دهکردی
ابراهیم رحیمی
گروه بهداشت مواد غذایی، گروه بهداشت مواد غذایی، واحد شهرکرد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شهرکرد، ایران
10.22038/jreh.2025.27119
چکیده
زمینه و هدف: امروزه، مایکوتوکسین‌ها به‌عنوان آلاینده‌های حیاتی در نظر گرفته می‌شوند و اهمیت ایمنی مواد غذایی را برای سلامت انسان برجسته می‌کنند. تهاجم قارچ‌های سمی و تولید مایکوتوکسین‌ها بسیار متغیر است و به آب و هوا، محصول زراعی و شیوه ذخیره سازی بستگی دارد. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی وجود آفلاتوکسین B1 و اکراتوکسین A در برنج و ذرت عرضه شده در شهرستان بندرعباس بود.

مواد و روش ها: ابتدا 96 نمونه شامل 48 نمونه ذرت و 48 نمونه برنج از محل های عرضه  نمونه گیری و به آزمایشگاه انتقال داده شد. از آزمون های آماری Indipendent sample t.test و ANOVA و تست Duncan برای مقایسه میانگین ها و از آزمون کای دو (Chi-Square) برای مقایسه درصد فراوانی ها استفاده شد. 

یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد تمامی نمونه های ذرت و برنج به آفلاتوکسین B1 و اکراتوکسین A آلوده بودند؛ اما هیچ کدام از نمونه ها، آلودگی فراتر از استاندارد ایران را نداشتند. میانگین آلودگی برای ذرت و برنج به آفلاتوکسین B1 2/79 و 3/21 میکروگرم بر کیلوگرم و میانگین آلودگی برای ذرت و برنج به اکراتوکسین A به‌ترتیب 33/57 و 3/01 میکروگرم بر کیلوگرم بود. آنالیزهای آماری نشان داد اختلاف آماری بین میزان آلودگی به آفلاتوکسین و اکراتوکسین در بین نمونه های غذایی مختلف وجود نداشت.

نتیجه گیری: قرار گرفتن در معرض مایکوتوکسین ها در موادغذایی مختلف، اجتناب ناپذیر است و نگرانی ها در مورد اثرات سلامتی آن‌ها در حال افزایش است. نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد که مصرف ذرت و برنج های عرضه شده در شهرستان بندرعباس نمی تواند مخاطرات نگران کننده ای برای سلامت مصرف کننده ایجاد کند. 
کلیدواژه‌ها
آفلاتوکسین B1
اکراتوکسین A
برنج
ذرت
ایمنی غذایی

عنوان مقاله English

Investigation of Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A Contamination in Rice and Corn Supplied in Bandar Abbas City

نویسندگان English

Ayda Ghanbari
Najmeh Vahed dehkordi
Ebrahim Rahimi
Department of Food Hygiene, Shk.C., Islamic Azad University, ShahreKord, Iran.
چکیده English

Background and Objective: Today, mycotoxins are considered as critical contaminants and highlight the importance of food safety for human health. The invasion of toxic fungi and the production of mycotoxins are highly variable and depend on the climate, crop, and storage method. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A in rice and corn supplied in Bandar Abbas City. 

Materials and Methods: First, 96 samples including 48 corn samples and 48 rice samples were sampled from the supply sites and transferred to the laboratory. Independent sample t.test, ANOVA, and Duncan test were used to compare means, and Chi-Square test was used to compare the frequency percentages. 

Results: The results showed that all corn and rice samples were contaminated with Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A; But none of the samples had contamination beyond the Iranian standard. The average contamination for corn and rice with aflatoxin B1 was 2.79 and 3.21 μg/kg, and the average contamination for corn and rice with ochratoxin A was 33.75 and 3.01 μg/kg, respectively. Statistical analyses showed that there was no statistical difference between the levels of contamination with aflatoxin and ochratoxin among different food samples. 

Conclusion: Exposure to mycotoxins in various foods is inevitable and concerns about their health effects are increasing. The results of the present study showed that the consumption of corn and rice supplied in Bandar Abbas city cannot pose any worrying risks to the health of consumers.

Open Access Policy: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Aflatoxin B1
Ochratoxin A
Rice
Corn
Food Safety
  1. Massahi T, Omer AK, Habibollahi MH, Mansouri B, Ebrahimzadeh G, Parnoon K, et al. Human health risk assessment of aflatoxin M1 in various dairy products in Iran: A literature review. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2024:106124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2024.106124
  2. Rushing BR, Selim MI. Aflatoxin B1: A review on metabolism, toxicity, occurrence in food, occupational exposure, and detoxification methods. Food and chemical toxicology. 2019;124:81-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.047 PMid:30468841
  3. Kumar P, Mahato DK, Kamle M, Mohanta TK, Kang SG. Aflatoxins: A global concern for food safety, human health and their management. Frontiers in microbiology. 2017;7:2170. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.02170 PMid:28144235 PMCid:PMC5240007
  4. Monger A, Mongar P, Dorji T, Chhetri V. The occurrence and human health risk assessment of total and aflatoxin B1 in selected food commodities in Bhutan. Scientific Reports. 2024;14(1):16258. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-63677-6 PMid:39009623 PMCid:PMC11251174
  5. Gong YY, Watson S, Routledge MN. Aflatoxin exposure and associated human health effects, a review of epidemiological studies. Food safety. 2016;4(1):14-27. https://doi.org/10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2015026 PMid:32231900 PMCid:PMC6989156
  6. Awuchi CG, Amagwula IO, Priya P, Kumar R, Yezdani U, Khan MG. Aflatoxins in foods and feeds: A review on health implications, detection, and control. Bull Environ Pharmacol Life Sci. 2020;9:149-55.
  7. Nejad BG, Mostafaei Z, Rezaabad AB, Mehravar F, Zarei M, Dehghani A, et al. A systematic review with meta-analysis of the relation of aflatoxin B1 to growth impairment in infants/children. BMC pediatrics. 2023;23(1):614. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04275-9 PMid:38053136 PMCid:PMC10696779
  8. Alwan N, Bou Ghanem H, Dimassi H, Karam L, Hassan HF. Exposure assessment of aflatoxin B1 through consumption of rice in the United Arab Emirates. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(22):15000. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215000 PMid:36429720 PMCid:PMC9690502
  9. Ding L, Han M, Wang X, Guo Y. Ochratoxin A: Overview of prevention, removal, and detoxification methods. Toxins. 2023;15(9):565. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15090565 PMid:37755991 PMCid:PMC10534725
  10. Memar M, Esfandiari Z, Ahmadi M, Soleimani F, Darvishi Divanmorad AR, Heidarinejad Z, et al. The concentration and prevalence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in imported rice (Oryza sativa) samples from Iranian market: a probabilistic dietary risk assessment. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2024:1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2024.2426742
  11. Mazaheri M. Investigating the possibility of the occurrence of mycotoxins in rice and rice flour imported to Iran. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2023;122:105464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105464
  12. Ghiasian S, Shephard G, Yazdanpanah H. Natural occurrence of aflatoxins from maize in Iran. Mycopathologia. 2011;172(2):153-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-011-9405-y PMid:21373903
  13. Iqbal J, Asghar MA, Ahmed A, Khan MA, Jamil K. Aflatoxins contamination in Pakistani brown rice: a comparison of TLC, HPLC, LC-MS/MS and ELISA techniques. Toxicology mechanisms and methods. 2014;24(8):544-51. https://doi.org/10.3109/15376516.2014.948247 PMid:25060806
  14. Salemi A, Faghani M. salami N. Determination of aflatoxin B1 in broiler feed in the poultry farms of isfahan province. J Vet Sci. 2014;5(2):117-23.
  15. Mohammadi S, Ghahremani E, Dehestaniathar S, Zandi S, Zakariai A, Mohammadi M, et al. Determination of aflatoxin B1 concentration in poultry feed in the poultry farms of Sanandaj using ELISA method. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. 2021;25(6):49-56. https://doi.org/10.52547/sjku.25.6.49
  16. Kępka-Borkowska K, Chałaśkiewicz K, Ogłuszka M, Borkowski M, Lepczyński A, Pareek CS, et al. Current Approaches to Aflatoxin B1 Control in Food and Feed Safety: Detection, Inhibition, and Mitigation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025;26(13):6534. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26136534 PMid:40650309 PMCid:PMC12250436
  17. (ISIRI) IoSaIRoI. Maximum validity Maycotoxins in human food. 2nd Revision 5925. 2020.
  18. Hassan HF, Kordahi R, Dimassi H, El Khoury A, Daou R, Alwan N, et al. Aflatoxin B1 in rice: effects of storage duration, grain type and size, production site, and season. Journal of Food Protection. 2022;85(6):938-44. https://doi.org/10.4315/JFP-21-434 PMid:35146523
  19. Ong P, Tung I-C, Chiu C-F, Tsai I-L, Shih H-C, Chen S, et al. Determination of aflatoxin B1 level in rice (Oryza sativa L.) through near-infrared spectroscopy and an improved simulated annealing variable selection method. Food Control. 2022;136:108886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108886
  20. Romero-Sánchez I, Ramírez-García L, Gracia-Lor E, Madrid-Albarrán Y. Simultaneous determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in commercial rices using immunoaffinity column clean-up and HPLC-MS/MS. Food chemistry. 2022;395:133611 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133611 PMid:35820271
  21. Tavakoli H, Rostami H, Zabihi A, Bitarafan Z. A survey of aflatoxins, ochratoxin and Zearalenone Contamination in Imported and Iranian Rice in Iran. Agricultural Engineering Research Journal. 2014;4(3):61-4.
  22. Jorfi S, Pourfadakari S, Pourhosseini H, Zarei M, Abtahi M, Saeedi R. Assessment of Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A Levels in Rice Produced in Khuzestan and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad Provinces, Iran. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2018;27(156):66-79.
  23. Mazaheri M. Determination of aflatoxins in imported rice to Iran. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2009;47(8):2064-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.05.027 PMid:19481133
  24. Eslami M, Mashak Z, Heshmati A, Shokrzadeh M, Mozaffari Nejad AS. Determination of aflatoxin B1 levels in Iranian rice by ELISA method. Toxin Reviews. 2015;34(3):125-8. https://doi.org/10.3109/15569543.2015.1074925
  25. Ting WE, Chang C-H, Szonyi B, Gizachew D. Growth and aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2 production by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus on ground flax seeds (Linum usitatissimum). Journal of Food Protection. 2020;83(6):975-83. https://doi.org/10.4315/JFP-19-539 PMid:32034398
  26. Xia L, Routledge MN, Rasheed H, Ismail A, Dong Y, Jiang T, et al. Biomonitoring of aflatoxin B1 and deoxynivalenol in a rural pakistan population using ultra-sensitive LC-MS/MS method. Toxins. 2020;12(9):591. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12090591 PMid:32932694 PMCid:PMC7551319
  27. Azizi IG, Azarmi M, Pouya ND, Rouhi S. T-2 toxin analysis in poultry and cattle feedstuff. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products. 2014;9(2):e13734. https://doi.org/10.17795/jjnpp-13734 PMid:24872939 PMCid:PMC4036377
  28. Jayaratne W, Abeyratne A, De Zoysa H, Dissanayake D, Bamunuarachchige T, Waisundara V, et al. Detection and quantification of Aflatoxin B1 in corn and corn-grown soils in the district of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. Heliyon. 2020;6(10). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05319 PMid:33134588 PMCid:PMC7586114
  29. Nomura M, Aoyama K, Ishibashi T. Sterigmatocystin and aflatoxin B1 contamination of corn, soybean meal, and formula feed in Japan. Mycotoxin Research. 2018;34(1):21-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-017-0295-9 PMid:28942532
  30. Loi M, De Leonardis S, Ciasca B, Paciolla C, Mulè G, Haidukowski M. Aflatoxin B1 degradation by Ery4 laccase: From in vitro to contaminated corn. Toxins. 2023;15(5):310. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15050310 PMid:37235345 PMCid:PMC10223784
  31. Mato L, Damani Z, Spahiu J, Halimi E, Seiti B, Topi D. High prevalence of mycotoxigenic fungi and Aflatoxin B1 contamination in corn and wheat grains grown to albania: implications for food safety. Journal of food quality and hazards control. 2024. https://doi.org/10.18502/jfqhc.11.1.14996