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مجله پژوهش در بهداشت محیط

مجله پژوهش در بهداشت محیط

بررسی تأثیر شمع‌های معطر بر تولید هیدروکربن‌های حلقوی آروماتیک (PAHs) و پیامدهای بهداشتی آن‌ها: یک مرور سیستماتیک

نوع مقاله : مقالات مرور سیستماتیک

نویسندگان
کیمیا اسکندری 1
پریسا صدیق آرا 2
سعید عاقبت بخیر 3
1 دانشجو کارشناسی ارشد بهداشت محیط، گروه بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران
2 دانشیار مهندسی بهداشت محیط، گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، بخش ایمنی غذایی، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران.
3 دانشجوی دکتری سم شناسی، گروه سم شناسی و فارماکولوژی، دانشکده داروسازی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران
10.22038/jreh.2025.26106
چکیده
زمینه و هدف: این مطالعه به بررسی اثرات شمع‌های معطر بر تولید هیدروکربن‌های آروماتیک چندحلقه‌ای(PAHs)  که از آلاینده‌های رایج و مضر محیطی هستند و تأثیرات قابل‌توجهی بر سلامت انسان دارند، می‌پردازد. شمع‌های معطر و تزئینی که به‌طور گسترده در خانه‌ها، مراسم مذهبی و فرهنگی، مراکز سلامتی و سایر محیط‌های داخلی استفاده می‌شوند، PAH‌ های سمی را منتشر کرده که می‌توانند به آلودگی هوای داخل و خطرات بهداشتی مرتبط با آن کمک می‌کنند. هدف این مطالعه ارزیابی اثرات بهداشتی مرتبط با قرار گرفتن در معرض PAHs ناشی از شمع‌های معطر و ارائه‌ی راهنمایی برای انتخاب جایگزین‌های ایمن‌تر است.

مواد و روش‌ها: در تاریخ 15 فوریه 2023، جست‌و‌جویی جامع در پایگاه‌های داده شاملPubMed ، Web of Science و Scopus با استفاده از کلید واژه‌های مرتبط با شمع‌های معطر و PAHs انجام شد. پس از غربالگری اولیه 1297 مقاله یافت شد و پس از حذف مطالعات نامرتبط، تکراری و غیرانگلیسی، 180 مقاله مرتبط به‌طور دقیق بررسی شدند. در نهایت، 11 مورد از مهم‌ترین و مرتبط‌ترین مطالعات به‌صورت خلاصه در این مقاله ارائه گردید.

یافته‌ها: یافته ها نشان می‌دهد که شمع‌های معطر آلاینده‌های مضری مختلفی ازجملهVOCs ،PM و PAHs را آزاد می کنند که اثرات منفی قابل ‌ملاحظه‌ای بر سلامت تنفسی دارند و می‌توانند در صورت قرار گرفتن مکرر خطر ابتلا به سرطان را افزایش دهند. این مطالعه بر لزوم انجام مطالعات میدانی برای درک بهتر تأثیرات طولانی‌مدت استفاده از شمع‌های معطر تأکید می‌کند.

نتیجه‌گیری: ارزیابی و کاهش خطرات بهداشتی مرتبط با استفاده از شمع‌های معطر ضروری است. توصیه‌هایی شامل استفاده از جایگزین‌های پاک‌تر، کاهش قرار گرفتن در معرض آلاینده‌ها، استفاده از شمع‌های طبیعی و دارای فتیله‌های کوتاه‌تر، محدود کردن زمان سوختن شمع‌ها و فیلتراسیون هوا داخلی ارائه می‌شود. آگاهی‌دهی و پژوهش‌های بیشتر برای درک کامل تأثیرات بهداشتی استفاده از شمع‌های معطر و توسعه گزینه‌های ایمن‌تر برای مصرف‌کنندگان ضروری است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
شمع‌های معطر
کیفیت هوای داخل
هیدروکربن‌های آروماتیک چند حلقه‌ای (PAHs)
آلودگی هوا

عنوان مقاله English

Investigating the Impact of Scented Candles on the Emission of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Their Health Implications: A Systematic Review

نویسندگان English

Kimia Eskandari 1
Parisa Sadighara 2
Saeed Aghebat Bekheir 3
1 Master's student in Environmental Health Engineering, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
2 Associate Professor of Environmental Health Engineering, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
3 PhD Student in Toxicology, Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده English

Background and Objective: Scented candles are a potential source of indoor air pollutants, particularly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are classified as hazardous environmental contaminants with significant health implications. These candles, widely used in households, religious and cultural ceremonies, spas, and other enclosed environments, can emit toxic compounds contributing to indoor air pollution and associated health risks. This study aims to evaluate the health effects related to exposure to PAHs released from scented candles and to provide recommendations for choosing safer alternatives.

Materials and Methods: On February 15, 2023, a comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, with relevant search terms related to scented candles and PAHs. Initially, 1,297 records were retrieved. After removing duplicates, irrelevant, and non-English articles, 180 relevant studies were reviewed in full. From these, 11 high-quality and pertinent articles were selected and synthesized in this review.

Results: The reviewed studies reveal that scented candles can emit multiple harmful substances, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter (PM), and PAHs. These pollutants have been linked to respiratory system disorders and an increased risk of carcinogenesis, particularly with chronic exposure. The findings highlight the urgent need for in situ monitoring and longitudinal health studies to better understand the long-term impacts of scented candle use.

Conclusion: It is essential to conduct risk assessment and apply effective exposure reduction strategies regarding scented candle use. Suggested measures include opting for cleaner alternatives (e.g., soy or beeswax candles), minimizing burn duration, using candles with natural wicks, and improving indoor air ventilation. Increased public awareness and further toxicological and epidemiological research are critical to understanding and mitigating the health impacts of these commonly used indoor products.
 
Open Access Policy: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Scented Candles
Indoor Air Quality
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Air Pollution
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