نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده محیط زیست، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
2 کارشناسی ارشد، گروه بهداشت محیط، معاونت بهداشتی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی گرگان، گلستان، ایران
چکیده
زمینه و هدف: فلزات سنگین از طریق فرآیندهای مختلف به منابع تأمینکنندهی آب راه می یابند و با ورود در زنجیرهی غذایی و تجمع در نسوج سبب ایجاد اثرات سوء بر سلامت انسان می گردند. لذا این مطالعه با هدف تعیین غلظت فلزات سنگین در منابع آب آشامیدنی شهرستان آزادشهر و همچنین ارزیابی ریسک بهداشتی سرطانزایی و غیرسرطانزایی فلزات مورد مطالعه در این منطقه صورت گرفت.
مواد و روشها: در این مطالعه (توصیفی – مقطعی) مجموعاً از 10 منبع آب بهروش لحظه ای نمونهبرداری انجام شد. غلظت فلزات سنگین (آرسنیک، سرب، کادمیوم، کروم، روی، نیکل و مس) بر اساس روش های استاندارد توسط دستگاه جذب اتمی (ICP-MS) اندازه گیری شد. ارزیابی ریسک سلامت انسان، با استفاده از روش های مورد تأیید آژانس حفاظت محیط زیست آمریکا (EPA) مورد سنجش قرارگرفت.
یافتهها: نتایج نشان داد که میانگین غلظت فلزات سنگین (نیکل، روی، مس، سرب، کروم، کادمیوم و آرسنیک) بهترتیب 0/576، 0/487، 0/811، 0/118، 23/29، 0/014، 3/466 میکروگرم در لیتر میباشد که بر اساس آن بیشترین و کمترین میانگین غلظت فلزات سنگین بهترتیب مربوط به کروم و کادمیوم میباشد. نتایج ارزیابی ریسک سلامت سرطانزایی کل فلزات در بزرگسالان و کودکان در محدودهی ریسک بالا میباشند. شاخص خطر (HI) غیرسرطان زایی در بزرگسالان در تمام منابع در محدودهی ریسک کم و در کودکان 7 منبع دارای ریسک کم و 3 منبع دیگر در محدودهی ریسک غیرسرطانزایی متوسط قرار دارند.
نتیجهگیری: در این مطالعه مقدار فلزات آرسنیک و کروم زیر حد استاندارد بود ولی بهدلیل پتانسیل بالای سرطانزایی آنها، ارزیابی ریسک بهداشتی، خطر سرطان زایی در هر دو گروه سنی بزرگسالان و کودکان را برای فلزات آرسنیک و کروم نشان می دهد. بنابراین پایش فلزات سنگین بهطور مستمر باید در دستور کار واحدهای نظارتی قرار گیرد.
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Risk Assessment of Exposure to Arsenic and Some Heavy Metals Through Drinking Water Consumption in Azadshahr (A Case Study)
نویسندگان [English]
- Amirarsellon pardakhti 1
- saideh usefi 1
- Mohammad Samiee 2
1 PhD Student, Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 Master, Department of Environmental Health, Vice Chancellor for Health, Gorgan University of Medical Sciences, Golestan, Iran.
چکیده [English]
Background and Objective: Heavy metals enter water supply sources through various processes and, by entering the food chain and accumulating in tissues, can cause adverse health effects on humans. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the concentration of heavy metals in drinking water sources in Azadshahr city and assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of the studied metals in this region.
Material and Methods: This descriptive-cross-sectional study used instantaneous sampling from 10 water sources. The concentrations of heavy metals (arsenic, lead, cadmium, chromium, zinc, nickel, and copper) were measured using standard methods by atomic absorption spectrometry (ICP-MS). The human health risk assessment followed U.S. EPA-approved procedures. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Results: The results showed that the average concentrations of heavy metals (nickel, zinc, copper, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic) were 0.576, 0.487, 0.811, 0.118, 23.29, 0.014, and 3.466µg/L, respectively. Based on this, the highest and lowest average concentrations of heavy metals were related to chromium and cadmium, respectively. The results of the carcinogenic health risk assessment for all metals in adults and children were within the high-risk range. The hazard index (HI) for non-carcinogenic effects in adults was within the low-risk range for all sources, while for children, seven sources were in the low-risk range, and three sources were in the moderate non-carcinogenic risk range.
Conclusion: In this study, the levels of arsenic and chromium metals were below the standard limit, but due to their high carcinogenic potential, the health risk assessment indicated a carcinogenic risk for both arsenic and chromium in both adult and children age groups. Therefore, we recommend regulatory units prioritize continuous heavy metal monitoring.
Open Access Policy: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
کلیدواژهها [English]
- Drinking Water Sources
- Heavy Metals
- Health Risk Assessment
- Azadshahr
- Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part E, Supplemental Guidance for Dermal Risk Assessment).
- Edokpayi JN, Enitan AM, Mutileni N, Odiyo JOJCCJ. Evaluation of water quality and human risk assessment due to heavy metals in groundwater around Muledane area of Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 2018;12(1):2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-017-0369-y PMid:29327318 PMCid:PMC5764906
- Kooli MM hS, Amirnezhad R. Study of Sefidroud River Water Quality in Roudbar Wetland Ecobiology. 2015;7 (3) :33-43.
- Srebotnjak T CG, de Sherbinin A, Rickwood C. A global Water Quality Index and hot-deck imputation of missing data. Ecological Indicators. 2012;17:108-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.04.023
- Kakati S, Sarma H. Studies on water quality index of drinking water of Lakhimpur District. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection. 2007;27(5):425.
- Dehghani MH, Taher MM, Bajpai AK, Heibati B, Tyagi I, Asif M, et al. Removal of noxious Cr (VI) ions using single-walled carbon nanotubes and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2015;279:344-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.04.151
- Edition F. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. WHO chronicle. 2011;38(4):104-8.
- Duruibe JO, Ogwuegbu M, Egwurugwu J. Heavy metal pollution and human biotoxic effects. International Journal of physical sciences. 2007;2(5):112-8.
- Netpae T, Phalaraksh C. Water quality and heavy metal monitoring in water, sediments, and tissues of Corbicula sp. From Bung Boraphet Reservoir, Thailand. Chiang Mai J Sci. 2009;36(3):395-402.
- Bhaskar C, Kumar K, Nagendrappa G. Assessment of heavy metals in water samples of certain locations situated around Tumkur, Karnataka, India', viewed 12 June, 2010. 2010.
- Fiket Ž, Roje V, Mikac N, Kniewald G. Determination of arsenic and other trace elements in bottled waters by high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Croatica chemica acta. 2007;80(1):91-100.
- Karbasi A, Bayati A. Environmental Geochemistry, published by Kavoshe Ghalam. Tehran; 2002.
- Hashmi MZ, Yu C, Shen H, Duan D, Shen C, Lou L, et al. Concentrations and Human Health Risk Assessment of Selected Heavy Metals in Surface Water of the Siling Reservoir Watershed in Zhejiang Province, China. 2014;23(3).
- Rezvani M, Ghorbanian A, Adolescent M, Sahba M. Evaluation of heavy metals (cadmium, cobalt, lead, zinc and manganese) contamination in Eshtehard Aquifer. 2014;1(1):13-21 (persian).
- Shams Khorramabadi G, Dargahi A, Godini H, Mostafaee P. Survey of heavy metal pollution (copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, iron and manganese) in drinking water resources of Nurabad city, Lorestan, Iran 2013. yafte. 2016;18(2).
- USEPA. A Risk Assessment-Multiway Exposure Spreadsheet Calculation Tool. United States Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC; 1999.
- Farokhneshat F, Rahmani A, Samadi M, Soltanian AJSJoHUoMS. Non-Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal of Lead, Chro-mium and Zinc in Drinking Water Supplies of Hamadan in Winter 2015. 2016;23(1):25-33.
- Memon A, Ghanghro A, Jahangir T, Khand A, Muneer G, Yuan Q. Health risk assessment of trace metals during pre-and post-monsoon seasons in drinking water of Jamshoro, Sindh. Int J SciEng Res. 2017;8(4):1431-49.
- Noncommunicable Disease Management LCCS. August 2016: (Persian).
- Duggal V, Rani A. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment of metals in groundwater via ingestion and dermal absorption pathways for children and adults in Malwa Region of Punjab. Journal of the Geological Society of India. 2018;92(2):187-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-018-0980-0
- Sobhanardakani S. Assessing of As, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu and Mn Contamination in Groundwater Resources of Razan Plain Using Water Quality Pollution Indices %J Journal Of Neyshabur University Of Medical Sciences 2017;4(4):33-45.
- World Health Organization %J Background document for development of guidelines for drinking-water quality. 2002.
- Kaplan O, Yildirim NC, Yildirim N, Tayhan N. Assessment of some heavy metals in drinking water samples of Tunceli, Turkey. E-Journal of Chemistry. 2011;8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/370545
- Varol M, Şen B. Assessment of nutrient and heavy metal contamination in surface water and sediments of the upper Tigris River, Turkey. Catena. 2012;92:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2011.11.011
- SOBHANARDAKANI S, JAMALI M, MAANIJOU M. Evaluation of as, Zn, Cr and Mn concentrations in groundwater resources of razan plain and preparation of zoning map using gis. 2014.
- Alai ghadr M, Hazrate S, GHanbare M. measurement of heavy metal concentration in drinking water sources in ardabil city. subterranean water studies of the Dasht ardabil: 2006.(persian)
- Nahid P, MOSLEHI MP. Heavy metals concentrations on drinking water in different Aeras of Tehran as ppb and Methods of Remal Them. 2008.
- Duruibe JO, Ogwuegbu M, Egwurugwu JJIJops. Heavy metal pollution and human biotoxic effects. 2007;2(5):112-8.
- Smith AH, Steinmaus CM. Health effects of arsenic and chromium in drinking water: recent human findings. Annual review of public health. 2009;30:107-22. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.031308.100143 PMid:19012537 PMCid:PMC2762382
- Franchini I, Mutti AJSotTE. Selected toxicological aspects of chromium (VI) compounds. 1988;71(3):379-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(88)90210-0 PMid:3406707
- Joan E, Denton PD. Public Health Goals for Chemicals in Drinking Water. Radium-226 and 228. California Environmental Protection Agency; 2006.
- Mirzabeygi M, Abbasnia A, Salimi J, Mahvi AH. Determination of the heavy metals concentrations (lead, Cadmium, Chromium) in rural drinking water supplies of Torbat Heydariyeh city and distribution of GIS. Journal of Research in Environmental Health. 2016;2(2):146-53.
- dehghani M, mirzaemiande A, shamsodini N. The concentration of heavy metals in the drinking water supplies of the city of Shiraz. the first national conference on architecture, civil engineering and urban environment2014.(persian)
- Nazari S, Sobhan-Ardakani S. Assessment of pollution index of heavy metals in groundwater resources of Qaleh Shahin plain (2013-2014). Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci). 2015;19(2):102-8.
- Salvato JA, Nemerow NL, Agardy FJ. Environmental engineering: 2003.
- Alidadi H, Peiravi R, Dehghan AA, Vahedian M, Haghighi HM, Amini A. Survey of heavy metals concentration in Mashhad drinking water in 2011. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2014;20(116):27-34.
- kamarehei b, Mirhosseini sh, jafari a, Asgari g, Bierjandi m, rostami z. Study of heavy metal concentration (As, Ba, Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr) in water resources and river of Borujerd city in 2008-2009. Yafteh. 2010;11(4):45-51.
- Jian M, Liu B, Zhang G, Liu R, Zhang X. Adsorptive removal of arsenic from aqueous solution by zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) nanoparticles. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2015;465:67-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.10.023