نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری زمین شناسی زیست محیطی، گروه زمین شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه ارومیه
2 دانشیار گروه زمین شناسی-دانشکده علوم- دانشگاه ارومیه
3 3- دانشیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه.
چکیده
زمینه و هدف: در این مطالعه ارزیابی فلزات سنگین در خاک اطراف شهر زنجان، با بکارگیری شاخصهای آلودگی، ریسک سرطانزایی و غیرسرطانزایی و تعیین منشأ فعالیتهای زمینزاد و انسانزاد با استفاده از روشهای آماری پرداخته شد.
مواد و روشها: در این پژوهش، تعداد 30 نمونه از عمق 20-0 سانتیمتری خاک برداشته و براساس روش هضم اسیدی توسط آنالیز طیف سنجی پلاسمای جفت شده القایی مورد آنالیز قرار گرفت.
یافتهها: فاکتور غنی شدگی برای روی و کادمیوم به ترتیب با میانگین 1/42 و 5/34 در ردهی غنی شدگی شدید و شاخص زمین انباشت برای کادمیوم با میانگین 8/2 در ردهی بالای آلودگی قرار داشت. تغییرات مکانی شاخص بار آلودگی و درجهی آلودگی اصلاح شده نشان داد که در نزدیکی مراکز صنعتی شدت آلودگی بیشتر شده و رگرسیون خطی بین ریسک اکولوژیکی و ضریب میانه دامنه اثر متوسط (903/0=R2) نشان داد که 76 درصد نمونهها در احتمال سمیت قرار گرفتهاند. کادمیوم در کودکان و بزرگسالان با میانگین شاخص خطر غیرسرطانزایی 2 و 5/0 بخصوص در معرض جذب پوستی با میانگین 5/0 بیشترین خطر را داشت. خطر ابتلا به بیماریهای سرطانی بیشتری را نشان میدهد. نتیجهی تعیین منشأ و سهم فلزات سنگین به کمک ارزیابی-های آماری نشان داد که سرب، روی و کادمیوم در نتیجهی فعالیتهای انسانی و کروم، مس و آرسنیک در نتیجهی توأمان فعالیتهای انسانی و زمین زاد در منطقه تجمع یافتهاند.
نتیجهگیری: پیشنهاد میگردد به منظور کاهش اثرات منفی زیست محیطی فلزات سنگین در خاک اطراف شهر زنجان، اقداماتی مانند کاهش ورود آلایندهها و پالایش خاک آلوده صورت گیرد.
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Assessing the health risk, pollution and source of some heavy metals in the soil around Zanjan, Iran
نویسندگان [English]
- Behnam Pardakti 1
- Hossein Pirkharrati 2
- Farrokh Asad Zadeh 3
1 PhD student in Environmental Geology, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University,
2 Associate Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University,
3 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University
چکیده [English]
Background and Purpose: In this study, heavy metals in the soil around the
Zanjan city, by using indicators of pollution, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic
risk and determining the origin by using statistical methods.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 30 soil samples were taken from a depth
of 0-20 cm and analyzed based on the method of acid digestion by induction
coupled plasma spectroscopy.
Results: The enrichment factor for zinc and cadmium was in the extreme
enrichment category with an average of 42.1 and 34.5, respectively, and the
land accumulation index for cadmium was in the high pollution category with
an average of 2.8. Spatial changes of the index of pollution load and modified
degree of pollution showed that the intensity of pollution increased near
the industrial centers and the linear regression between the ecological risk
and the median coefficient of the medium effect range (R2=0.903) showed
that 76% of the samples They are in the possibility of toxicity. Cadmium had
the highest risk in children and adults with an average non-carcinogenic risk
index of 2 and 0.5, especially exposed to skin absorption with an average of
0.5. It shows the risk of more cancer diseases. The result of determining the
origin and contribution of heavy metals with the help of statistical evaluations
showed that lead, zinc and cadmium are the result of human activities and
chromium, copper and arsenic are the result of the combination of human and
earth-born activities. have gathered in the area
Conclusion: In order to reduce the negative environmental effects of heavy
metals in the soil of the study area, measures such as reducing the entry of
pollutants into the soil and refining polluted Soil.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- factor analysis
- heavy metals
- pollution index
- Zanjan city
- risk assessment
- Kumar V, Sharma A, Kaur P, Singh Sidhu GP, Bali AS, Bhardwaj R, Thukral AK, Cerda A. Pollution assessment of heavy metals in soils of India and ecological risk assessment: A state-of-the-art. Chemosphere. 2019, 216: 449–462.
- Baltas H, Sirin M, Gökbayrak E, Ozcelik AE. A case study on pollution and a human health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soils around Sinop province, Turkey. Chemosphere. 2020 Feb 1;241:125015.
- Wang PS, Ding HY, Zhang PY. Shaking table tests and numerical analysis on the seismic response of karst-crossing socketed piles in dry sandy soil foundation. Int J Design Na Ecodyn. 2020 Oct;15(5):701-9.
- Xiao X, Zhang J, Wang H, Han X, Ma J, Ma Y, Luan H. Distribution and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in soils around coal industrial areas: A global meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment. 2020 Apr 15;713:135292.
- Sun Z, Xie X, Wang P, Hu Y, Cheng H. Heavy metal pollution caused by small-scale metal ore mining activities: A case study from a polymetallic mine in South China. Science of the Total Environment. 2018 Oct 15;639:217-27.
- Stefanowicz AM, Kapusta P, Zubek S, Stanek M, Woch MW. Soil organic matter prevails over heavy metal pollution and vegetation as a factor shaping soil microbial communities at historical Zn–Pb mining sites. Chemosphere. 2020 Feb 1;240:124922.
- Gune MM, Harshavardhana BG, Ma WL, Balakrishna K, Udayashankar HN, Zhang Z, Li YF. Seasonal variations of heavy metals in the soil around a coal-fired thermal power plant, south-west coast of India. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2020 May;104(5):602-8.
- Yan T, Zhao W, Yu X, Li H, Gao Z, Ding M, Yue J. Evaluating heavy metal pollution and potential risk of soil around a coal mining region of Tai’an City, China. Alexandria Engineering Journal. 2022 Mar 1;61(3):2156-65.
- Lu J, Lu H, Wang W, Feng S, Lei K. Ecological risk assessment of heavy metal contamination of mining area soil based on land type changes: An information network environ analysis. Ecological Modelling. 2021 Sep 1;455:109633..
- Jiang HH, Cai LM, Hu GC, Wen HH, Luo J, Xu HQ, Chen LG. An integrated exploration on health risk assessment quantification of potentially hazardous elements in soils from the perspective of sources. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2021 Jan 15;208:111489.
- Oladejo OJ, Odeyale TO, Adiamo BR. Effect of air pollution from pedestrian traffic in an open market: a case study of Bodija market, Nigeria. Int J Sustain Dev Plan. 2020 Nov;15(7):1137-44.
- Timofeev I, Kosheleva N, Kasimov N. Health risk assessment based on the contents of potentially toxic elements in urban soils of Darkhan, Mongolia. Journal of Environmental Management. 2019 Jul 15;242:279-89.
- Lv J, Liu Y. An integrated approach to identify quantitative sources and hazardous areas of heavy metals in soils. Science of the Total Environment. 2019 Jan 1;646:19-28.
- Yan T, Zhao W, Yu X, Li H, Gao Z, Ding M, Yue J. Evaluating heavy metal pollution and potential risk of soil around a coal mining region of Tai’an City, China. Alexandria Engineering Journal. 2022 Mar 1;61(3):2156-65.
- Sellami S, Zeghouan O, Dhahri F, Mechi L, Moussaoui Y, Kebabi B. Assessment of heavy metal pollution in urban and peri-urban soil of Setif city (High Plains, eastern Algeria). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2022 Feb;194(2):1-7.
16- Fei X, Lou Z, Xiao R, Ren Z, Lv X. Source analysis and source-oriented risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in agricultural soils of different cultivated land qualities. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2022 Mar 20;341:130942.
- Tang S, Yang K, Liu F, Peng M, Li K, Yang Z, Liu X, Guo F, Ma H. Overview of heavy metal pollution and health risk assessment of urban soils in Yangtze River Economic Belt, China. Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 2022 Feb 4:1-43.
- ABBASZADEH F, JALALI V, JAFARI A. Investigating the source of some heavy metals using cluster and factor analysis techniques in soils of Hormoz Island.
- Şimşek A, Özkoç HB, Bakan G. Environmental, ecological and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments at Samsun-Tekkeköy, North of Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2022 Jan;29(2):2009-23.
- Sekhavati B, Yousefirad M, Majidifard, M, Selgi A, Malaki Z. Heavy metal contamination of chemical facies of Gachsaran Formation in Gilangharb area, west of Kermanshah. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2022. 10.30495/JEST.2022.48568.4871.(Persian).
- Sheikhi Alman Abad Z, Pirkharrati H, Mojarrad M. Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Soil of Angouran Mineral Processing Complex in Iran. Pollution. 2021 Jan 1;7(1):241-56. (Persian)
22.Tian L, Ge B, Li Y. Impacts of state-led and bottom-up urbanization on land use change in the peri-urban areas of Shanghai: Planned growth or uncontrolled sprawl?. Cities. 2017 Feb 1;60:476-86.
- Battsengel E, Murayama T, Fukushi K, Nishikizawa S, Chonokhuu S, Ochir A, Tsetsgee S, Davaasuren D. Ecological and human health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in the soil of the ger district in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020 Jan;17(13):4668.
- Chen A, Lin C, Lu W, Wu Y, Ma Y, Li J, Zhu L. Well water contaminated by acidic mine water from the Dabaoshan Mine, South China: chemistry and toxicity. Chemosphere. 2007 Dec 1;70(2):248-55.
- Muller G. Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geojournal. 1969;2:108-18.
- Abrahim GM, Parker RJ. Assessment of heavy metal enrichment factors and the degree of contamination in marine sediments from Tamaki Estuary, Auckland, New Zealand. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2008 Jan;136(1):227-38.
- Tomlinson DL, Wilson JG, Harris CR, Jeffrey DW. Problems in the assessment of heavy-metal levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index. Helgoländer meeresuntersuchungen. 1980 Mar;33(1):566-75.
- Hakanson L. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water research. 1980 Jan 1;14(8):975-1001.
29.United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Superfund Public Health Evaluation Manual (EPA/540/1-86/060) [S]. Washington: Office of Emergency and Remedial Response.1986. pp 1–52
30.United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund. Human Health Evaluation Manual Part A, vol.1 (EPA/540/1-89/002) [R]. Washington: Office of Emergency and Remedial Response.1989. pp 1–100
31.United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40-Protection of Environment, Part 423d Steam Electric Power Generating Point Source Category. Appendix A to Part 423e 126, Priority Pollutant. 2013.
- Sistani N, Moein M, Taleshi M, Khorasani N, Hamidiyan A, Azemi R. Origin of heavy metal contamination of soils adjacent to Kerman Steel Industries. Journal of Natural Environment. 2016. 70 (3): 627-641. (Persian)
33.Galangash MM. Zonation of heavy metal distribution of surface sediments in Anzali wetland Using Geographical Information System (GIS). Iranian Journal of Research in Environmental Health. Winter. 2022.7(4):323-33. (persian)
- He Z, Shentu J, Yang X, Baligar VC, Zhang T, Stoffella PJ. Heavy metal contamination of soils: sources, indicators and assessment.
35.Soil resource quality standards and guidelines, Iran. Deputy Minister of Human Environment Water and Soil Office.
- Jahantab E, Najmeddin A. investigation of Heavy Metal Contamination and Enrichment (Case Study: Shiraz Industrial Town and surrounding Lands). Journal of Range and Watershed Managment. 2021 May 22;74(1):37-51. (persian)
37.Li Y, Dong Z, Feng D, Zhang X, Jia Z, Fan Q, Liu K. Study on the risk of soil heavy metal pollution in typical developed cities in eastern China. Scientific reports. 2022 Mar 9.12(1):1-9.
- Esmaeili A, Moore F, Keshavarzi B, Jaafarzadeh N, Kermani M. A geochemical survey of heavy metals in agricultural and background soils of the Isfahan industrial zone, Iran. Catena. 2014 Oct 1;121:88-98. (persian).
39.Ghouma A, Aydi A, Martin JA, Gasmi M. Health risk assessment associated to heavy metal pollution levels in Mediterranean environment soils: a case study in the watershed of Sebkhet Ariana, Tunisia. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 2022 Apr;15(8):1-5.
- Weissmannová HD, Pavlovský J. Indices of soil contamination by heavy metals–methodology of calculation for pollution assessment (minireview). Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2017 Dec;189(12):1-25.
- Solgi E, Keramaty M. Assessment of Health Risks of urban soils contaminated by heavy metals (Bojnourd city). Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. 2016 Mar 10;7(4):813-27. (persian).
42.Cai LM, Wang QS, Wen HH, Luo J, Wang S. Heavy metals in agricultural soils from a typical township in Guangdong Province, China: occurrences and spatial distribution. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2019. 168, 184–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.092.
- Nik Ravesh M, Karimi A, Esfandyarpur E, Fotovat A. Assessment of surface soil pollution with selected heavy metals in Semnan industrial complex and surrounding areas. Journal of Natural Environment. 2017 May 22;70(1):211-26. (persian).
- Rostami Paydar G, Rahnemarad J, and Nazarpour A. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in surface soils of Ahvaz Industrial Town No. 2-southwest of Iran. Geotechnical Geology. 2014.10(1), 57-67.
- Yaylalı-Abanuz G. Heavy metal contamination of surface soil around Gebze industrial area, Turkey. Microchemical Journal. 2011 Sep 1;99(1):82-92.
- Zarei l, Hashemi S, Najafi M. Spatial distribution of some heavy metals in two agriculture and rangeland uses (A case study: Shahzand industrial city, Arak). Journal of RS and GIS for Natural Resourses. 2022. Publish online. (Persian).
- Safari Y. Mapping the overall soil pollution by heavy metals using limitation scores. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production. 2018 Feb 20;6(4):56-70.
48.Kabata-Pendias A, Pendias H. Trace elements in soils and plants, 3rd edn CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL, USA. 2001.
- Alloway BJ, editor. Heavy metals in soils: trace metals and metalloids in soils and their bioavailability. Springer Science & Business Media; 2012 Jul 18.
- Kabata‐Pendias A, Sadurski W. Trace elements and compounds in soil. Elements and their compounds in the environment: Occurrence, analysis and biological relevance. 2004 Jan 28:79-99.
- Maanijou M, Karami M. Study of some heavy metal dispersion in soils around Dashkasan village, Ghorveh, Kurdestan Province, Iran. Applied Sedimentology. 2021 Jun 22;9(17). (Persian)
- Rajabi A, Aliabadi A, Eskandari F, Dehgan S. Study of the distribution of arsenic, zinc, lead and copper in the surface soil of Delijan industrial town. Journal of Environmental Science And Technology. 2018. Online publish. (persian).
- Fazel Valipour ME, Fazelvalipoor B, Dabiri R. Geochemical and Environmental Assessment of the Heavy Metals in Robat Sefid Rigion (south of mashhad) Soil. Journal of environmental geology. 2018. (Persian).
- Xu X, Wang T, Sun M, Bai Y, Fu C, Zhang L, Hu X, Hagist S. Management principles for heavy metal contaminated farmland based on ecological risk—A case study in the pilot area of Hunan province, China. Science of the Total Environment. 2019 Sep 20;684:537-47.
- Ghaznfari S, Oraee J. Distribution of Copper Concentration in Soil affected by Meyduk Mining Activities (Shahr-Babak). Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2019 Apr 21;21(2):101-10. (Persian).
- bagaei A, Jafarineia, A. Risk Assessment of Lead and Cadmium on Human Health in Surface Soil around Esfahan Steel Company and Mobarakeh Steel Complex, Iran. Journal of Health System Research. 2018 Dec 10;14(4):432-7. (Persian).
- Nikfar F, Sabzalipour S, Gholami A, Nazarpour A. Assessment of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic hazards of heavy metals in surface soils of Bandar Mahshahr industrial zone in 1398. jehe. 2021; 8 (3) :245-256. (Persian).
- Moghtaderi T, Mahmoudi S, Shakeri A, Masihabadi M. Contamination Evaluation, Health and Ecological risk index assessment of Potential Toxic Elements in the surface soils Case Study: Central Part of Bandar Abbas County. Journal of Water and Soil Resources Conservation. 1970 Jan 1;8(4):51-66.(Persian).
- Zerizghi T, Guo Q, Tian L, Wei R, Zhao C. An integrated approach to quantify ecological and human health risks of soil heavy metal contamination around coal mining area. Science of The Total Environment. 2022 Mar 25;814:152653. (Persian).
- Valinejad F, Arbabi Sabzevari A, Borna R. District 21 of Tehran Municipality soil condition in terms of contamination with some heavy metals. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2021 Dec 13. (Persian).
61.Ghias M. Medical Geography Geographical Health (Case Study: Identification of Soil and Water Contaminated with Heavy Metals and its Relationship with Cancer in Rural Areas of West of Isfahan). Geography and Environmental Planning. 2018 Oct 23;29(3):131-46. (Persian).
- Berg M, Tran HC, Nguyen TC, Pham HV, Schertenleib R, Giger W. Arsenic contamination of groundwater and drinking water in Vietnam: a human health threat. Environmental science & technology. 2001 Jul 1;35(13):2621-6.
- Abbaszadeh F, Jalaili V, Jafari A. Investigating the source of some heavy metals using cluster and factor analysis techniques in soils of Hormoz Island. Applied Soil Research.2018. 6(1): 13-24. (Persian).
- Salmasi R, Pyrowan H. Soil Pollution to Some Heavy Metals and Their Relation with Soil Properties in Sareskand, East Azarbayjan. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2021 Jun 22;23(4):97-106. (Persian).
- Moradi Baseri M, Kamani H, Ashrafi D, Bazrafshan E, Kord Mostafapour F. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment of Hg and Cu in streets dusts of Zahedan city. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment. 2018. 11(3), 391-402 (In Persion).
66.Kamani H, Hoseini M, Safari GS, Jaafari J, Ashrafi S, and Mahvi A. Concentrations of heavy metals in surface soil of Zahedan City. Journal of Health. 2017. 8(2):182-90 (in Persian).
67.Pascal M, Corso M, Chanel O, Declercq C, Badalon C, Cesaroni G, and Medina S. Assessing the public health impacts of urban air pollution in 25 European cities: results China. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 2013. 120, 377-385.
68.Cervantes-Ramírez LT, RamírezLópez M, Mussali-Galante P, OrtizHernández M. L, Sánchez-Salinas E, and Tovar-Sánchez E. Heavy metal biomagnification and genotoxic damage in two trophic levels exposed to mine tailings: a network theory approach. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. 2018. 91(1), 6.