نوع مقاله : مقالات مرور سیستماتیک
نویسنده
گروه زیست شناسی دریا، دانشکده علوم و فنون دریایی، دانشگاه هرمزگان، بندرعباس، ایران
چکیده
پلاستیک‌ها به علت مزایای متعدد، ارزانی و در دسترس بودن به طور گسترده در جامعه مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرد و تولید جهانی پلاستیک در سال 2018 به 359 میلیون تن در سال رسیده است. سازمان بهداشت جهانی ویروس کرونا عامل ابتلا به بیماری کووید-19 را در اواخر دسامبر 2019 در ووهان چین شناسایی کرد. در طی فراگیری بیماری کووید-19 استفاده از ماسک‌های صورت یکبار مصرف ساده‌ترین راه‌حل برای جلوگیری از انتقال کووید-19 توصیه گردید. افزایش بی‌سابقه تولید و استفاده از ماسک‌ها و دستکش‌ها یک چالش زیست‌محیطی جدید است که باعث افزایش زباله‌های پلاستیکی در معابر و محیط‌زیست دریایی شده است. براساس تخمین‌های سازمان بهداشت جهانی، در هر ماه تقریباً 89 میلیون ماسک پزشکی برای واکنش به کووید-19 مورد نیاز است. دفع نادرست و دور انداختن این اقلام باعث ورود آن‌ها به محیط‌زیست ساحلی و دریایی از طریق رواناب و همچنین بازدیدکنندگان ساحلی شده است. ماسک‌های صورت یکبار مصرف، ماکروزباله‌های پلاستیکی هستند و می‌توانند به قطعات کوچک‌تر به نام میکروپلاستیک شکسته شوند و توسط موجودات دریایی بلعیده شوند. مدیریت مناسب پسماند، آگاهی و آموزش مردم درباره دفع صحیح این اقلام محافظت شخصی، استفاده از ماسک های قابل شستشو، راهکارهایی است که می‌تواند به کاهش حضور این زباله‌ها در محیط‌زیست نقش مؤثری ایفا کند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Covid-19 and increase in plastic debris in coastal and marine environments
نویسنده [English]
- Edris Alang
Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Hormozgan University, Bandar Abbas, Iran
چکیده [English]
Plastics are widely used in society due to their many benefits, cheapness and availability and global plastic production in 2018 reached 359 million tons per year. The World Health Organization (WHO) identified the cause of Covid-19 virus in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China. During the pandemic of Covid-19 disease, the use of disposable face masks was recommended as the simplest solution to prevent the transmission of Covid-19. Unprecedented increase in the production and use of masks and gloves is a new environmental challenge that has led to an increase in plastic waste in marine habitats and environments. The World Health Organization estimates that approximately 89 million medical masks are required each month to respond to Covid-19. Improper disposal and disposal of these items has caused them to enter the coastal and marine environment through runoff as well as coastal visitors. Disposable face masks are plastic macro debris that can be broken into smaller pieces called microplastics and Ingestion by sea animals. Proper waste management, awareness and education of people about the proper disposal of these personal protective equipment items, use of washable masks, are strategies that can play an effective role in reducing the presence of this waste in the environment.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Covid-19
- Coronavirus
- Beach
- Plastic debris
- Face mask
- Andrady AL, Neal MA. Applications and societal benefits of plastics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2009;364(1526):1977-1984.
- Plastics Europe. Plastics‐The Facts. An analysis of European plastics production, demand and waste data;2019. Available from: https://www.plasticseurope.org/en/resources/publications/1804-plastics-facts-2019. page
- Derraik JG. The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Marine pollution bulletin.2002;44(9):842-852.
- Thompson RC, Olsen Y, Mitchell RP, Davis A, Rowland SJ, John AW, et al. Lost at sea: where is all the plastic?. Science (Washington). 2004;304(5672), 838.
- Potluri P, Needham P. Technical textiles for protection. Textiles for protection.2005: 151-175.
- Conservancy, O. Trash travels. From our hands to the sea, around the globe, and through time [Internet]. Washington: International Coastal Cleanup; 2010. Available from: https://oceanconservancy.org/
- Xu S, Li Y. Beware of the second wave of COVID-19. 2020;395(10233):1321-1322.
- Murray OM, Bisset JM, Gilligan PJ, Hannan MM, Murray JG. Respirators and surgical facemasks for COVID-19: implications for MRI. Clinical radiology. 2020;75(6):405-407.
- Lin YH, Liu CH, Chiu YC. (2020). Google searches for the keywords of “wash hands” predict the speed of national spread of COVID-19 outbreak among 21 countries. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2020;87:30-32.
- Wilder-Smith A, Freedman DO. Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: Pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. Journal of Travel Medicine. 2020;2;(27):1-4.
- Chintalapudi N, Battineni G, Amenta F. COVID-19 virus outbreak forecasting of registered and recovered cases after sixty day lockdown in Italy: a data driven model approach. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 2020;53(3):396–403.
- Leung NH, Chu DK, Shiu EY, Chan KH, McDevitt JJ, Hau BJ, et al. Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks. Nature medicine. 2020;26(5):676-680.
- Prata JC, Silva AL, Walker TR, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos T. COVID-19 pandemic repercussions on the use and management of plastics. Environmental Science & Technology. 2020;54(13):7760-7765.
- Xinhuanet, 2020. China focus: mask makers go all out in fight against novel coronavirus. February, 06. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/06/c_138760527.htm.
- http://newspaper.hamshahrionline.ir/id/109192.
- Worldometer, 2021. COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/. Available in 21 April 2021.
- Worldmeter, 2021. COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/iran/. Available in 21 April 2021.
- COVID-19 impact on packaging market by material type, application and region-global forecast to 2021. Business Insider 2020.
- Growing plastic pollution in wake of COVID-19: how trade policy can help. Available from: https://unctad.org/news/growing-plastic-pollution-wake-covid-19-how-trade-policy-can-help
- Moore CJ, Moore S, Weisberg SB, Lattin GL, Zellers AF. A comparison of neustonic plastic and zooplankton abundance in southern California’s coastal waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2002;44(10): 1035–1038.
- ARCADIS (2012) Case study on the plastic cycle and its loopholes in the four European regional seas areas. European Commission DG Environment Framework contract. ENV.D.2./ETU/2011/0041.
- Galgani F, Hanke G, Maes T. Global distribution, composition and abundance of marine litter. In Marine Anthropogenic Litter. Springer, Cham. 2015:29–56.
- Lavender Law K, van Sebille E. How much plastic is there in the ocean. In World Economic Forum.
- 2016. Hussain N, Jaitley V, Florence AT. Recent advances in the understanding of uptake of microparticulates across the gastrointestinal lymphatics. Advanced drug delivery reviews. 2001;50:107–147.
- Boerger CM, Lattin G. L, Moore, SL, Moore CJ. Plastic ingestion by planktivorous fishes in the North Pacific Central Gyre. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2010;60(12):2275–2278.
- Welden NA, Lusher AL. Impacts of changing ocean circulation on the distribution of marine microplastic litter. Integrated environmental assessment and management. 2017;13(3):483-487.
- American Hospital Association. Shaping state and local regulation of medical waste and hazardous materials. Ad Ho Committee on Medical Waste and Hazardous Materials. Chicago,Illinois; May 1990.
- Health-care waste. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/health-care-waste. Available in 8 February 2018.
)