نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی
نویسندگان
- محمدرضا زارع 1
- محمدرضا شوشتریان 2
- جهانگیر عطوفت شعار جهرمی 3
- مرضیه هنربخش 4
- مهوش حق جو 5
- فاطمه حسینی 5
- جمال مهرعلی پور 6
- زهره بریزی 7
1 استادیار گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشکده علوم پزشکی لارستان، لارستان، ایران
2 گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط و عضو کمیته تحقیقات، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشکده علوم پزشکی لارستان، لارستان، ایران
3 آبفا شهرستان اوز، لارستان، ایران
4 گروه مهندسی بهداشت حرفه ای و عضو کمیته تحقیقات، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشکده علوم پزشکی لارستان، لارستان، ایران
5 کمیته تحقیقات، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشکده علوم پزشکی لارستان، لارستان، ایران
6 گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط،دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران، عضوء کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی دانشکده بهداشت،
7 گروه آموزشی مهندسی بهداشت محیط دانشکده علوم پزشکی لارستان دانشکده بهداشت مربی
چکیده
زمینه و هدف: امروزه تامین آب آشامیدنی با کیفیت دغدغه اصلی مراجع ذی صلاح است. آب آشامیدنی در کنار کمیت مناسب، باید دارای خصوصیات فیزیکوشیمیایی و میکروبی استاندارد باشد. یون‌های نیترات و نیتریت به‌دلیل ایجاد عوارض سوء زیست محیطی و بهداشتی دارای اهمیت ویژه‌ای می باشند. هدف از این مطالعه تعیین غلظت یون‌های مذکور در آب آشامیدنی شهر اوز و انجام محاسبات مربوط به ارزیابی ریسک خطر سلامتی بود.
روش کار: در این مطالعه پنج نقطه انتخاب شد و طی فواصل زمانی، 50 نمونه (10 نمونه از هر نقطه) برداشت شد. پس از انتقال نمونه‌ها به آزمایشگاه شیمی محیط، غلظت یون‌های نیترات و نیتریت بر اساس دستورالعمل ارائه شده توسط شرکت HACH با استفاده از دستگاه اسپکتروفوتومتر (DR6000) تعیین شد.
یافته ها: غلظت یون‌های نیترات و نیتریت در تمامی نقاط شبکه، پایین‌تر از حد استاندارد تعیین شده توسط سازمان بهداشت جهانی بود. بالاترین و پایین‌ترین غلظت یون‌های نیترات و نیتریت به ترتیب در محل نمونه برداری رستوران پاتریس (04/1 و 021/0 میلی‌گرم در لیتر) و شرکت آبفا (8/0 و 0162/0 میلی‌گرم در لیتر) بدست آمد. همچنین ارزیابی خطر بر اساس محدوده‌ی سنی نوزادان، کودکان و بزرگسالان به ترتیب برابر 0125/0، 00375/0 و 043/0 تعیین شد که نشان می دهد مصرف آب در طولانی مدت تاثیر سوء بر سلامت افراد نخواهد داشت.
نتیجه گیری: کیفیت فیزیکوشیمیایی آب آشامیدنی شهرستان اوز در حد قابل قبول قرار داشت و مواجهه انسانی با این آب دارای ریسک غیرسرطانزایی به میزان بسیار کمتر از حدود بحرانی می باشد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Measuring the Concentration of Nitrate and Nitrite Ions in Drinking Water and Carcinogenic Risk Assessment in the Urban Water Distribution Network System of Evaz City, Fars Province, Iran
نویسندگان [English]
- Mohammad Reza Zare 1
- Mohammad Reza Shooshtarian 2
- Jahangir Otofat Shoare Jahromi 3
- Marzieh Honarbakhsh 4
- Mahvash Haghjoo 5
- Fatemeh Hosseini 5
- Jamal Mehralipour 6
- Zohreh Berizi 7
1 Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
2 2- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, School of Health, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran.
3 Master of Water Civil Engineering, ABFA Evaz County, Larestan, Iran
4 Department of occupational health, School of health, Larestan university of medical sciences, Larestan, Iran
5 Department of Public Health, Student Research Committee, School of Health, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran.
6 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran, Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
7 Department of Enviromental Health Engineering, School of Health, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
چکیده [English]
Background and aim: Today, the supply of qualified drinking water has become the main concern of the competent authorities. Drinking water, in addition to the appropriate quantity, must have appropriate standards regarding physicochemical and microbial properties. Nitrate and nitrite ions are of special importance due to their adverse environmental and health. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of these ions in the drinking water of Evaz city and to perform calculations related to health risk assessment.
Method: In this study, five points were selected and 50 samples (10 samples from each point) were collected over time intervals. After transferring the samples to the environmental chemistry laboratory, the concentration of nitrate and nitrite ions was determined by the spectrophotometer (DR6000) according to the instructions provided by the HACH.
Results: The concentration of nitrate and nitrite ions in all parts of the network was lower than the standard set by the WHO. The highest and lowest concentrations of nitrate and nitrite ions were obtained at the sampling sites of Patrice Restaurant (1.04 and 0.021 mg/L) and ABFA (0.8 and 0.0162 mg/L), respectively. Also, risk assessment based on the age range of infants, children and adults was 0.125, 0.00375 and 0.043, respectively, which shows that long-term water consumption will not have a negative impact on human health.
Conclusion: The physicochemical quality of Evaz drinking water was acceptable and human exposure to this water has a non-carcinogenic risk of much less than the critical range.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Nitrate
- Nitrite
- Non-carcinogenic
- Risk Assessment
- Evaz City
- Huan H, Zhang B-T, Kong H, Li M, Wang W, Xi B, et al. Comprehensive assessment of groundwater pollution risk based on HVF model: A case study in Jilin City of northeast China. Science of The Total Environment. 2018;628:1518-30.
- Sajedi-Hosseini F, Malekian A, Choubin B, Rahmati O, Cipullo S, Coulon F, et al. A novel machine learning-based approach for the risk assessment of nitrate groundwater contamination. Science of the total environment. 2018;644:954-62.
- Hutchins M, Abesser C, Prudhomme C, Elliott J, Bloomfield J, Mansour M, et al. Combined impacts of future land-use and climate stressors on water resources and quality in groundwater and surface waterbodies of the upper Thames river basin, UK. Science of the Total Environment. 2018;631:962-86.
- Arauzo M, Martínez-Bastida JJ. Environmental factors affecting diffuse nitrate pollution in the major aquifers of central Spain: groundwater vulnerability vs. groundwater pollution. Environmental earth sciences. 2015;73(12):8271-86.
- Elisante E, Muzuka AN. Assessment of sources and transformation of nitrate in groundwater on the slopes of Mount Meru, Tanzania. Environmental earth sciences. 2016;75(3):277.
- Fabro AYR, Ávila JGP, Alberich MVE, Sansores SAC, Camargo-Valero MA. Spatial distribution of nitrate health risk associated with groundwater use as drinking water in Merida, Mexico. Applied Geography. 2015;65:49-57.
- Qasemi M, Afsharnia M, Farhang M, Bakhshizadeh A, Allahdadi M, Zarei A. Health risk assessment of nitrate exposure in groundwater of rural areas of Gonabad and Bajestan, Iran. Environmental earth sciences. 2018;77(15):551.
- Huan H, Hu L, Yang Y, Jia Y, Lian X, Ma X, et al. Groundwater nitrate pollution risk assessment of the groundwater source field based on the integrated numerical simulations in the unsaturated zone and saturated aquifer. Environment International. 2020;137:105532.
- Zhai Y, Zhao X, Teng Y, Li X, Zhang J, Wu J, Zuo R. Groundwater nitrate pollution and human health risk assessment by using HHRA model in an agricultural area, NE China. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 2017;137:130-42.
- Ahada CP, Suthar S. Groundwater nitrate contamination and associated human health risk assessment in southern districts of Punjab, India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2018;25(25):25336-47.
- Cheong JY, Hamm SY, Lee JH, Lee KS, Woo NC. Groundwater nitrate contamination and risk assessment in an agricultural area, South Korea. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2012;66(4):1127-36.
- American Public Health Association (APHA): Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 18th ed. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation publication. APHA, Washington D.C; 2005
- Ghaderpoori M, Paydar M, Zarei A, Alidadi H, Najafpoor AA, Gohary AH, et al. Health risk assessment of fluoride in water distribution network of Mashhad, Iran. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. 2019;25(4):851-62.
- Das S, de Oliveira LM, da Silva E, Liu Y, Ma LQ. Fluoride concentrations in traditional and herbal teas: Health risk assessment. Environmental Pollution. 2017;231:779-84.
- Agency UEP. 2018 edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories EPA 822-F-18-001. Office of Water, US Environmental Protection Agency Washington (DC); 2018.
- Mohammadi A, Amouei A, Tabarinia H, Faraji H. Investigating the physicochemical analysis of potable ground water resources in rural area of Babol city. J Neyshabur Univ Med Sci. 2015;3(2):61-9.
- Amarlooei A, Nazeri M, Nourmoradi H, Sayehmiri K, Khodarahmi F. Investigation on the Concentration of Nitrate and Nitrite in Ilam ground waters. Scientific Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. 2014;22:34-41.
- Nourbakhsh MH, Kheirkhah M, Rahmani Sani A, Allah Abad A, Tabaraee Y, Asadi M. Evaluation of nitrate and nitrite content of drinking water of Sabzevar in fall 2010. The journal of research committee of students at Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. 2011; 23(1&2): 7-18.
- Panahi fardM, Mahvi AH., Asgari A, Nazemi S, Moradnia M. A Survey on Drinking Water quality in Qazvin in 2015. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci. 2017;16(1):3-16.
- Adimalla N. Spatial distribution, exposure, and potential health risk assessment from nitrate in drinking water from semi-arid region of South India. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. 2020;26(2):310-34.
- Soleimani H, Nasri O, Ghoochani M, Azhdarpoor A, Dehghani M, Radfard M, et al. Groundwater quality evaluation and risk assessment of nitrate using monte carlo simulation and sensitivity analysis in rural areas of Divandarreh County, Kurdistan province, Iran. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2020:1-19.
)