1. International Coffee Organization (ICO). Beyond Coffee: Towards a Circular Coffee Economy. Coffee Development Report 2022–23. London: International Coffee Organization; 2024.
https://ico.org/coffee-development-report-2/
2. Hayat U, Siddiqui AA, Okut H, Afroz S, Tasleem S, Haris A. The effect of coffee consumption on the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver fibrosis: A meta-analysis of 11 epidemiological studies. Annals of hepatology. 2021;20:100254.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aohep.2020.08.071 PMid:32920163
3. Liu D, Li Z-H, Shen D, Zhang P-D, Song W-Q, Zhang W-T, et al. Association of sugar-sweetened, artificially sweetened, and unsweetened coffee consumption with all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a large prospective cohort study. Annals of internal medicine. 2022;175(7):909-17.
https://doi.org/10.7326/M21-2977 PMid:35635846
4. Lin P, Liang Z, Wang M. Caffeine consumption and mortality in populations with different weight statuses: An analysis of NHANES 1999-2014. Nutrition. 2022;102:111731.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2022.111731 PMid:35810576
5. Shin S, Lee JE, Loftfield E, Shu X-O, Abe SK, Rahman MS, et al. Coffee and tea consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease and cancer: A pooled analysis of prospective studies from the Asia Cohort Consortium. International journal of epidemiology. 2022;51(2):626-40.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyab161 PMid:34468722 PMCid:PMC9308394
6. Torres-Collado L, Compañ-Gabucio LM, González-Palacios S, Notario-Barandiaran L, Oncina-Cánovas A, Vioque J, et al. Coffee consumption and all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality in an adult mediterranean population. Nutrients. 2021;13(4):1241.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041241 PMid:33918797 PMCid:PMC8070495
7. Carter P, Yuan S, Kar S, Vithayathil M, Mason AM, Burgess S, et al. Coffee consumption and cancer risk: a Mendelian randomisation study. Clinical Nutrition. 2022;41(10):2113-23.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2022.08.019 PMid:36067583 PMCid:PMC7613623
8. Kim SY, Yoo DM, Min C, Choi HG. Association between coffee consumption/physical exercise and gastric, hepatic, colon, breast, uterine cervix, lung, thyroid, prostate, and bladder cancer. Nutrients. 2021;13(11):3927.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113927 PMid:34836181 PMCid:PMC8620757
9. Safe S, Kothari J, Hailemariam A, Upadhyay S, Davidson LA, Chapkin RS. Health Benefits of Coffee Consumption for Cancer and Other Diseases and Mechanisms of Action. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023;24(3):2706.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032706 PMid:36769029 PMCid:PMC9916720
10. Mesas AE, Leon-Muñoz LM, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Lopez-Garcia E. The effect of coffee on blood pressure and cardiovascular disease in hypertensive individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2011;94(4):1113-26.
https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.016667 PMid:21880846
11. Mukamal KJ, Maclure M, Muller JE, Sherwood JB, Mittleman MA. Caffeinated coffee consumption and mortality after acute myocardial infarction. American heart journal. 2004;147(6):999-1004.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2003.12.038 PMid:15199347
12. Frost L, Vestergaard P. Caffeine and risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter: the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2005;81(3):578-82.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/81.3.578 PMid:15755825
13. Berman N, Honig S, Cronstein B, Pillinger M. The effects of caffeine on bone mineral density and fracture risk. Osteoporosis International. 2022;33(6):1235-41.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-021-05972-w PMid:34981132
14. Chen C-C, Shen Y-M, Li S-B, Huang S-W, Kuo Y-J, Chen Y-P. Association of coffee and tea intake with bone mineral density and hip fracture: a meta-analysis. Medicina. 2023;59(6):1177.
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59061177 PMid:37374383 PMCid:PMC10301353
15. Dewey KG, Romero-Abal ME, Quan de Serrano J, Bulux J, Peerson JM, Eagle P, et al. Effects of discontinuing coffee intake on iron status of iron-deficient Guatemalan toddlers: a randomized intervention study. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 1997;66(1):168-76.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/66.1.168 PMid:9209186
16. Lim KH, Riddell LJ, Nowson CA, Booth AO, Szymlek-Gay EA. Iron and zinc nutrition in the economically-developed world: a review. Nutrients. 2013;5(8):3184-211.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5083184 PMid:23945676 PMCid:PMC3775249
17. Singh P, Prasad S. A review on iron, zinc and calcium biological significance and factors affecting their absorption and bioavailability. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2023;123:105529.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105529
18. Ayoub A, Yaseen M. Relationship between caffeine or coffee consumption and Miscarriage: Findings from systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Health Informatics in Developing Countries. 2022;16(1).
19. Jafari A, Naghshi S, Shahinfar H, Salehi SO, Kiany F, Askari M, et al. Relationship between maternal caffeine and coffee intake and pregnancy loss: A grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation-assessed, dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Frontiers in nutrition. 2022;9:886224.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.886224 PMid:36017225 PMCid:PMC9396037
20. Rohweder R, de Oliveira Schmalfuss T, dos Santos Borniger D, Ferreira CZ, Zanardini MK, Lopes GPTF, et al. Caffeine intake during pregnancy and adverse outcomes: An integrative review. Reproductive Toxicology. 2024;123:108518.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108518 PMid:38042437
21. Qin G, Niu Z, Yu J, Li Z, Ma J, Xiang P. Soil heavy metal pollution and food safety in China: Effects, sources and removing technology. Chemosphere. 2021;267:129205.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129205 PMid:33338709
22. da Silva EB, Gao P, Xu M, Guan D, Tang X, Ma LQ. Background concentrations of trace metals As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn in 214 Florida urban soils: Different cities and land uses. Environmental Pollution. 2020;264:114737.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114737 PMid:32559860
23. de Melo Pereira GV, de Carvalho Neto DP, Júnior AIM, do Prado FG, Pagnoncelli MGB, Karp SG, et al. Chemical composition and health properties of coffee and coffee by-products. Advances in food and nutrition research. 2020;91:65-96.
https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.afnr.2019.10.002 PMid:32035601
24. Nędzarek A, Tórz A, Karakiewicz B, Clark JS, Laszczyńska M, Kaleta A, et al. Concentrations of heavy metals (Mn, Co, Ni, Cr, Ag, Pb) in coffee. Acta Biochimica Polonica. 2013;60(4).
https://doi.org/10.18388/abp.2013_2031
25. Adler G, Nędzarek A, Tórz A. Concentrations of selected metals (Na, K, Ca, mg, FE, CU, Zn, al, Ni, PB, cd) in coffee. Slovenian Journal of Public Health. 2019;58(4):187-93.
https://doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2019-0024 PMid:31636727 PMCid:PMC6778417
26. Welna M, Szymczycha-Madeja A, Pohl P. Improvement of determination of trace amounts of arsenic and selenium in slim coffee products by HG-ICP-OES. Food Analytical Methods. 2014;7:1016-23.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-013-9707-4
27. Yazdanpanah S, Jokar S, Zandilak T, Haghighi M. Evaluation and comparison of ochratoxin a contamination and metallic elements lead and arsenic in commercial instant coffee powders. Iranian Food Science and Technology Research Journal. 2022;18(1):81-95.
28. Azam K, Akhtar S, Gong YY, Routledge MN, Ismail A, Oliveira CA, et al. Evaluation of the impact of activated carbon-based filtration system on the concentration of aflatoxins and selected heavy metals in roasted coffee. Food Control. 2021;121:107583.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107583
29. Nkansah MA, Opoku F, Ackumey AA. Risk assessment of mineral and heavy metal content of selected tea products from the Ghanaian market. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2016;188(6):332.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5343-y PMid:27154053
30. Emergency USEPAOo, Response R. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: Environmental evaluation manual: Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, US Environmental Protection Agency; 1989.
31. Algreiby AA, Makawi S, Bakheit AH, Alluhayb AH. Heavy Metal Contamination in Commercial Coffee Products in Saudi Arabia: Prevalence, Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risk Assessment, and Implications for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. Toxics. 2026;14(9):761.
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14090761 PMid:42797680 PMCid:PMC13611764
32. Guadalupe GA, Chavez SG, Arellanos E, Doménech E. Probabilistic Risk Characterization of Heavy Metals in Peruvian Coffee: Implications of Variety, Region and Processing. Foods. 2023;12(17):3254.
https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12173254 PMid:37685188 PMCid:PMC10487125
33. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Guidelines for Exposure Assessment. Washington, DC: Risk Assessment Forum, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1992. EPA/600/Z-92/001. Available online:
https://www.epa.gov/risk/guidelines-exposure-assessment
34. Epa U. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) electronic database. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 1996.
35. Assessment PR. Risk Assessment guidance for superfund: volume III-part a. Process for Conducting Probabilistic Risk Assessment Unites States Environmental Protection Agency Washington. 2001.
36. Gure A, Chandravanshi BS, Godeto TW. Assessment of metals in roasted indigenous coffee varieties of Ethiopia. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia. 2018;32(1):27-38.
https://doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v32i1.3
37. Nogaim Q, Al-Dalali S, Al-Badany A, Farh M. Determination of some heavy metals in Yemeni green coffee. Journal of Applied Chemistry. 2014;2(4):13-8.
38. Pigozzi MT, Passos FR, Mendes FQ. Quality of commercial coffees: heavy metal and ash contents. Journal of food quality. 2018;2018.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5908463
39. De Toni L, Tisato F, Seraglia R, Roverso M, Gandin V, Marzano C, et al. Phthalates and heavy metals as endocrine disruptors in food: a study on pre-packed coffee products. Toxicology reports. 2017;4:234-9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.05.004 PMid:28959644 PMCid:PMC5615111
40. Gökcen BB, Şanlier N. Coffee consumption and disease correlations. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2019;59(2):336-48.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2017.1369391 PMid:28853910
41. Paul M, Thriveni V, Niharika M, Upadhyay D, Kiro D, Verma A, et al. A review on biofortification of crops: A nutritional strategy for combating malnutrition. European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety. 2024;16(11):63-77.
https://doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2024/v16i111577
42. Rehman K, Fatima F, Waheed I, Akash MSH. Prevalence of exposure of heavy metals and their impact on health consequences. Journal of cellular biochemistry. 2018;119(1):157-84.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.26234 PMid:28643849