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مجله پژوهش در بهداشت محیط

مجله پژوهش در بهداشت محیط

ریزجلبک‌ها و سیانوباکتری‌ها در مدیریت پایدار آفت‌کش‌ها: تجزیه‌‌ی زیستی و تولید آفت‌کش‌های زیستی

نوع مقاله : مقالات مروری روایی و یکپارچه

نویسندگان
بهاره نوروزی 1
پریا روحی 2
سبا انصاری 2
1 دانشیار گروه زیست‌شناسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
2 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد گروه زیست‌‌‌‌شناسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
10.22038/jreh.2026.27798
چکیده
زمینه و هدف: کاربرد گسترده آفت‌کش‌های شیمیایی در کنار افزایش عملکرد کشاورزی به آلودگی پایدار منابع آب و خاک، کاهش تنوع زیستی و تهدید سلامت انسان منجر شده است. ریزجلبک‌ها و سیانوباکتری‌ها موجوداتی با عملکرد دوگانه (تولید آفت‌کش زیستی و تجزیه آلاینده‌ها) هستند؛ با این‌حال، شکاف دانشی در تحلیل یکپارچه این دو نقش و مقایسه اثربخشی آن‌ها وجود دارد. هدف این مرور، تحلیل شواهد موجود برای پاسخ به این پرسش است که کدام سویه‌ها و متابولیت‌ها بیش‌ترین پتانسیل را در جایگزینی و یا کاهش آفت‌کش‌های شیمیایی پرخطر دارند و خلأهای پژوهشی این مسیر در کجا قرار دارد.

مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه از نوع مرور روایی و یکپارچه است. جست‌وجوی مقالات در پایگاه‌هایPubMed ، Scopus، Web of Science  و Google Scholar برای بازه‌ی زمانی ۲۰۲۰ تا ۲۰۲۵ با کلیدواژه‌های «ریزجلبک»، «سیانوباکتری»، «تجزیه زیستی»، «پالایش زیستی» و «آفت‌کش زیستی» انجام شد. مقالات دارای داده‌های کمی از اثربخشی آفت‌کشی یا نرخ تجزیه آنزیمی و با ذکر دقیق سویه جلبکی وارد مطالعه شدند. از میان حدود ۱۰۰ مقاله بازیابی‌شده، ۵۸ مقاله معیارهای ورود را احراز کردند و شواهد بر اساس کلاس آفت‌کش، مکانیسم اثر و سویه جلبکی سازمان‌دهی و تحلیل شدند.

یافته‌ها: تحلیل شواهد نشان داد گونه‌های Spirulina platensis  و Sargassum wightii  به‌ترتیب بیش‌ترین فعالیت حشره‌کشی و ضدباکتریایی را در شرایط آزمایشگاهی نشان داده‌اند، درحالی‌که سویه‌های Nostoc muscorum و Coleofasciculus chthonoplastes در تجزیه آفت‌کش‌های ارگانوفسفره (کلرپیریفوس و مالاتیون) کارآمدتر عمل کرده‌اند. با این‌حال، میانگین نرخ تجزیه در شرایط مزرعه‌ای تا ۴۵ درصد پایین‌تر از نتایج آزمایشگاهی گزارش شده است. مکانیسم غالب در متابولیت‌های ضدآفت، مهار فتوسنتز (توسط سیانوباکتری) و در تجزیه‌ی آنزیمی، هیدرولیز توسط فسفوتری‌استرازها شناسایی شد. مهم‌ترین خلأ پژوهشی مشاهده ‌شده، فقدان مطالعات نیمه‌صنعتی روی فرمولاسیون‌های ترکیبی و عدم ارزیابی سمیت مزمن بر موجودات غیرهدف است. مقایسه کلان شواهد نشان می‌دهد اولویت پژوهشی فعلی بر «تجزیه» متمرکز است، در حالی‌که «تولید بیوآفت‌کش» هنوز در مراحل ابتدایی توسعه قرار دارد.

نتیجه‌گیری: این مرور نشان داد که ریزجلبک‌ها و سیانوباکتری‌ها ظرفیت دوگانه اثبات‌شده‌ای در تولید آفت‌کش‌های زیستی و پالایش آفت‌کش‌های شیمیایی دارند، اما گذار از موفقیت‌های آزمایشگاهی به کاربرد میدانی نیازمند پژوهش‌های هدفمند در بهینه‌سازی فرمولاسیون، افزایش پایداری متابولیت‌ها در شرایط محیطی واقعی و ارزیابی ایمنی بلندمدت است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
آفت‌کش‌
تجزیه زیستی
حفاظت گیاهی
ریزجلبک‌
سیانوباکتری‌

عنوان مقاله English

Microalgae and Cyanobacteria in Sustainable Pesticide Management: Biodegradation and Biopesticide Production

نویسندگان English

Bahareh Nowruzi 1
Parya Roohi 2
Saba Aansari 2
1 Associate professor, Department of Biology, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Department of Biology, SR.C, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده English

Background and Objective: The extensive use of chemical pesticides, despite improving crop yields, has led to persistent contamination of water and soil, biodiversity decline, and human health risks. Microalgae and cyanobacteria offer a dual functionality—production of biopesticides and degradation of pollutants—yet an integrated analytical comparison of these roles is lacking. This review aimed to analyze the evidence to identify which strains and metabolites possess the greatest potential to replace or reduce high-risk chemical pesticides, and to highlight existing research gaps.

Materials and Methods: This narrative and integrative review searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for articles published between 2020 and 2025 using the keywords "microalgae," "cyanobacteria," "biodegradation," "bioremediation," and "biopesticide." Studies were included if they provided quantitative data on pesticidal efficacy or enzymatic degradation rates and clearly identified the algal or cyanobacterial strain. From approximately 100 retrieved records, 58 met the inclusion criteria. Extracted evidence was organized and analyzed by pesticide class, mechanism of action, and algal strain."

Results: The analysis revealed that Spirulina platensis and Sargassum wightii exhibited the highest insecticidal and antibacterial activity in vitro, respectively, whereas Nostoc muscorum and Coleofasciculus chthonoplastes were most efficient in degrading organophosphate pesticides (chlorpyrifos and malathion). Notably, field-condition degradation rates were, on average, 45% lower than laboratory-based data. The predominant pesticidal mechanism was photosynthetic inhibition via cyanobacterin, while enzymatic degradation was primarily driven by phosphotriesterase-mediated hydrolysis. A critical research gap identified was the lack of pilot-scale studies on combined formulations and chronic toxicity assessments on non-target organisms. The overall evidence weighting suggests that current research prioritizes "biodegradation," while "biopesticide development" remains at an early stage.

Conclusion: This review confirms the proven dual potential of microalgae and cyanobacteria in biopesticide production and pesticide bioremediation. However, bridging the gap between laboratory success and field application necessitates targeted research on formulation optimization, environmental stability of metabolites, and long-term safety evaluations.
 
Open Access Policy: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Crop Protection
Cyanobacteria
Environmental Biodegradation
Microalgae
Pesticides
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