تعهد نامه

نوع مقاله : Research Paper

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست گروه محیط زیست

2 1دانشجو کارشناسی ارشد، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

3 گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری-دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست-دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

4 Associate Professor, Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

چکیده

زمینه و هدف: عناصر سنگین با ورود از طریق زنجیره‌غذایی سلامت انسان را به خطر می‌اندازند. مصرف سبزیجات آلوده به فلزات سنگین خطری برای سلامت انسان محسوب می‌شود. تحقیق حاضر به تعیین غلظت برخی فلزات سنگین در گیاه خرفه و ارزیابی میزان خطر سلامت آن‌ها در این گیاه پرداخته است.
مواد و روش‌ها: پس از افزودن سطوح (0، 15و 30 میلی‌گرم برکیلوگرم) نانو ذرات آهن به خاک آلوده به نیکل و آماده‌سازی تیمارها، اقدام به کشت گلدانی گیاه خرفه در این تیمارها شد. پس از عصاره‌گیری نمونه‌ها، غلظت فلزات سنگین توسط دستگاه ICP-OEC اندازه‌گیری شد و فاکتورهای تجمع‌زیستی، انتقال، دریافت روزانه و شاخص‌های خطرپذیری فلزات سنگین برای انسان محاسبه شد.
یافته‌ها: بیش‌ترین غلظت نیکل و آهن در ریشه و اندام‌هوایی خرفه در تیمار 30 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم نانو ذرات آهن بود. TF نیکل و آهن برای خاک-ریشه <1 اما برای ریشه- ساقه >1 بود. مقدار BAF در خرفه برای عناصر نیکل و آهن <1 بدست آمد. مقادیر HRI برای آهن و نیکل <1 بود که نشان‌دهنده خطرات کم برای مصرف خرفه در خاک مورد مطالعه است. بنابراین با وجود HRI <1 برای نیکل و آهن در همه تیمارها برای کودکان نسبت به بزرگسالان بالاتر بود، بطور کلی مقادیر HRI برای نیکل بالاتر از آهن بود.
نتیجه‌گیری: ضریب خطرپذیری عناصر مورد مطالعه در گیاه خرفه <1 بود و بیانگر عدم وجود بیماری‌های غیرسرطانی برای مصرف‌کنندگان است. به‌طور کلی نتایج نشان داد HRI عناصر سنگین برای هر دو گروه سنی مورد مطالعه <1 بوده و بیانگر این است که خرفه در این خاک در وضعیت امن قرار دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Human health risk assessment from consumption of (Portulaca oleracea) cultivated in nickel contaminated soil and modified with iron nanoparticles

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ava Heidari 1
  • Zahra Jafarpour Chek Ab 2
  • Mohamad Farzam 3
  • Abbas Rouhani 4

1 Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

2 1Master student, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

3 faculty of environment and natural resources-ferdowsi university of mashhad

4 4دانشیار گروه مهندسی بیوسیستم، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

چکیده [English]

Background and Purpose: Consumption of vegetables contaminated with heavy metals is dangerous for human health. The present research determined some heavy metals in Portulaca oleracea and assessed its health risk.
Materials and Methods: P. oleracea was grown in pots using soil polluted with nickel and various amounts of iron nanoparticles (0, 15, and 30 mg/kg). The concentration of heavy metals was determined by ICP-OEC after the samples were extracted. The bioaccumulation and transfer factors in plants, daily intake, and risk indicators of heavy metals for humans were all calculated.
Results: The treatment with 30 mg/kg of iron nanoparticles resulted in the maximum concentration of nickel and iron in the roots and aerial sections of P. oleracea. The nickel and iron TF were below one for the soil-root but above one for the root-stem. For nickel and iron, the BAF in the plant was discovered to be less than one. Human consumption of P. oleracea poses minimal dangers, as indicated by HRI values that are less than 1. Compared to iron, nickel showed higher HRI values. Across all treatments, children demonstrated high HRIs for nickel and iron than adults.
Conclusion: There are no non-cancerous diseases for consumers, according to the hazard ratio of the investigated components in the P. oleracea, which was 1. Overall, the findings demonstrated that the HRI of heavy elements for both analyzed age groups was less than one.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Risk Assessment
  • Portulaca oleracea
  • Risk Factor
  • Iron Nanoparticles
  • Nickel Contaminated Soil
1. Shahbazi A. Safianian A. R. Afraz R. etal. Location distribution of cadmium, copper and lead heavy metals in the soil and determination of the origin of these metals (Case study: Nahavand city). Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems in Natural Resources (Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Natural Resources Science) 2009; 2 (2): 97-109. (persian).
2. Facchinelli A. Sacchi E. Mallen L. Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils. Environmental Pollution 2001; 114(3): 313-324.
3. Liu L. Li W. Song W. etal. Remediation techniques for heavy metal-contaminated soils: Principles and applicability. Science of the Total Environment 2018; 633: 206-219.
4. Janoš P. Vavrova J. Herzogova L. etal. Effects of inorganic and organic amendments on the mobility (leachability) of heavy metals in contaminated soil: A sequential extraction study. Geoderma 2010; 159(3): 335-341.
5. Liu W. H. Zhao J. Z. Ouyang Z. Y. etal. Impacts of sewage irrigation on heavy metal distribution and contamination in Beijing, China. Environment International 2005; 31:805-812. 
6. Qishlaqi A. Moore F. Forghani G. Impact of untreated wastewater irrigation on soils and crops in Shiraz suburban area, SW Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2008; 141: 257-273.
7. Chary N. S. Kamala C. T. Raj D. S. Assessing risk of heavy metals from consuming food grown on sewage irrigated soils and food chain transfer. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2008; 69(3): 513–524. 
8. Khan S. Cao Q. Zheng Y. M. etal. Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China. Environmental Pollution 2008; 152: 686–692. 
9. Food and Drug Administration (US). Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Report of the Panel on Micronutrients. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, Food and Drug Administration. Dietary supplements. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. 2001.
10. Singh V. Garg A. N. Availability of essential trace elements in Indian cereals, vegetables and spices using INAA and the contribution of spices to daily dietary intake. Food Chem 2008; 94:81-89.
11. Winsor G.W. Nutrition in the U.K Tomato manual. London:  Grower books. 1973. p. 1246-1252.
12. USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). Risk-based concentration table. Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington: DC, USA. 2000.
13.  Yeganeh M. Modeling the process of accumulation of heavy elements in surface soils of Hamadan province and determining the resulting risk to human health. [PhD Thesis in Soil Science].iran. Faculty of Agriculture. Isfahan University of Technology.2016. (persion).
14. Zheng N. Wang Q. Zheng D. Health risk of Hg, Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu to the inhabitants around Huludao Zinc Plant in China via consumption of vegetables. Science of the Total Environment 2007; 383: 81-89.
15. Wang X. Sato T. Xing B. Tao S. Health risks of heavy metals to the general public in Tianjin, China via consumption of vegetables and fish. Science of the total Environment. 2005; 350: 28-37.
16. Yeganeh M. Afyuni M. Khoshgoftarmanesh A.H. etal. Amini M. Soffyanian A.R. Schulin R. Mapping of human health risks arising from soil nickel and mercury contamination. J Hazard Mater 2013; 244(245): 225-239.
17.  Khoshgoftarmanesh A.H. Aghili F. Sanaeiostovar A. Daily intake of heavy metals and nitrate through greenhouse cucumber and bell pepper consumption and potential health risks for human. Inter J Food Sci Nutr 2009; 60: 199-208.
18. Venkatachalam P. Jayaraj M. Manikandan R . Geetha  N. Rene E. R. Sharma N. C. Sahi S. V. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) alleviate heavy metal-induced toxicity in Leucaena leucocephala seedlings: A physiochemical analysis. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 2016.
19. Liu L. Howe P. Zhou Y.F. etal. Fatty acids and β-carotene in Australian purslane (Portulaca oleracea) varieties. J. Chromatogr 2000. 893: 207–213. 
20. Sivakumar S. Prabha D.  Velmurugan P. etal. Phytoremediation of Cu and Cd-contaminated roadside soils by using stem cuttings of Portulaca oleracea L. Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology 2020; 2: 201-204.
21. Tiwari K. Dwivedi S. Mishra S. etal. Phytoremediation efficiency ofPortulaca tuberosarox andPortulaca oleraceaL. Naturally growing in an industrial effluent irrigated area in Vadodra Gujrat, India 2008; 147(1-3): 15–22.
22. Subpiramaniyam S. Portulaca oleracea L. for phytoremediation and biomonitoring in metal-contaminated environments. Chemosphere 2021; 280:130784.
23. Iranshahy M. Javadi B. Iranshahi M. etal. "A review of traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Portulaca oleracea L.". J Ethnopharmacol 2017; 205: 158-172.
24. Elshamy M. M. Heikal Y. M. Bonanomi G. "Phytoremediation efficiency of Portulaca oleracea L. naturally growing in some industrial sites, Dakahlia District, Egypt." Chemosphere 2019; 225: 678-687.
25. Sedaghati B. Haddad R. Bandehpour M. Efficient plant regeneration and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation via somatic embryogenesis in purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.): an important medicinal plant. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 2019; 136: 231–245.
26. Kale R.A. Lokhande V.H. Ade A.B. Investigation of chromium phytoremediation and tolerance capacity of a weed, Portulaca oleraceaL. In a hydroponic system. Water Environ 2015; 29: 236–242.
27. Page AL. Miller RH. Keeney DR. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. American Society of Agronomy. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA. 1982; 4(2):167-79.
28. Bouyoucos GJ. Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils 1. Agronomy journal. 1962; 54(5):464-465.
29. Park CH. Li XR. Zhao Y. etal. Rapid development of cyanobacterial crust in the field for combating desertification. PLoS One. 2017; 23:12(6): 81-93.
30. Kirk P. L. "Kjeldahl Method for Total Nitrogen." Analytical Chemistry 1950; 22(2): 354-358.
31. Olsen S. R. Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate, US Department of Agriculture. 1954.
32. Martin S. Griswold W. Human Health Effects of Heavy Metals. Environmental Science and Technology Briefs from Citizens 2009; 15: 1-6.
33. Ashrafi A. Zahedi M. Soleimani M. Effect of Co-planted Purslane (Portulaca Oleracea L.) on Cd Accumulation by Sunflower in Different Levels of Cd Contamination and Salinity: A Pot Study. International Journal of Phytoremediation 2015; 17(9): 853-860.
34. Alghanmi S. I. Sulami A. F. Al. El-Zayat T. A. etal. Acid leaching of heavy metals from contaminated soil collected from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: kinetic and thermodynamics studies. International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2015; 3(3): 196-208.
35. Singh J. Upadhyay S. Pathak R. etal. Accumulation of heavy metals in soil and paddy crop (Oryza sativa), irrigated with water of Ramgarh Lake, Gorakhpur, UP, India. Toxicol Environ Chem 2011; 93:462–473.
36. Yoon J. Cao X. Zhou Q. etal. Accumulation of Pb, Cu and Zn in native plants growing on a contaminated Florida site. Science of The Total Environment 2006; 368: 456-664.
37. Xue Z. J. Liu S. Q. Liu Y. L. etal. Health risk assessment of heavy metals for edible parts of vegetables grown in sewage-irrigated soils in suburbs of Baoding City, China, Environmental Monitoring Assessment 2012; 184(6): 3503–3513.
38. Arora M. Kiran B. Rani S. etal. Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables irrigated with water from different sources. Food Chemistry 2008; 111: 811-815.
39. Khan S. Cao Q. Zheng Y. M. etal. Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China. Environmental Pollution 2008; 152: 686-692.
40. Qishlaqi A. Moore F. Forghani G. Impact of untreated wastewater irrigation on soils and crops in Shiraz suburban area, SW Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2008; 141: 257-273.
41. Chary N. S. Kamala C. T. Raj D. S. Assessing risk of heavy metals from consuming food grown on sewage irrigated soils and food chain transfer. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2008; 69(3): 513-524. 
42. Rattan R. K. Datta S. P. Chhonkar P. K. etal. Long-term impact of irrigation with sewage effluents on heavy metal content in soils, crops and groundwater—a case study. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 2005; 109: 310–322.
43. Ge KY. The status of nutrient and meal of Chinese in the 1990s. Beijing People’s Hygiene Press, Beijing. 1992; 415-434.
44. Wang X. Sato T. Xing B.  etal. Health risks of heavy metals to the general public in Tianjin, China via consumption of vegetables and fish. Science of the Total Environment 2005; 350: 28-37. 
45. United State, Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9, Preliminary remediation goals. 2002.
46. United State, Environmental Protection Agency: Integrated Risk Information System 2002.
47. European Food Safety Authority. Scientific opinion on lead in food. EFSA 2010; 8:1570.
48. Hseu ZY. Biogeochemistry of Serpentine Soils. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. 2018; 197:15-17
49. Zeng F. Wu X. Qiu B. etal. Physiological and proteomic alterations in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings under hexavalent chromium stress. Planta 2014; 240(2):291–308.
50. Zeng F. Wei W. Li M. etal. Heavy metal contamination in rice producing soils of Hunan province, China and potential health risks. International Journal Environmental Research Public Health 2015; 12:15584–15593.
51. Mganga N.D. The potential of bioaccumulation and translocation of heavy metals in plant species growing around the tailing dam in Tanzania. International Journal Science Technology 2014; 3:690–697.
52. Hellström A. Uptake of organic pollutants in plants. Department of Environment and Assessments, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. 2004.
53. Behbahani Nia A. Azadi A. Sadeghian S. The effect of wastewater irrigation on the accumulation of heavy metals in some vegetables in the Rudehen region. Environmental stresses in plant science 1389; 2(2): 165-173. (Persian).
54. Ghosh M. Singh S. A comparative study of cadmium phytoextraction by accumulator and weed species. Environmental Pollution 2005; 133:365–371.
55. Barman S. Sahu R. Bhargava S. etal. Distribution of heavy metals in wheat, mustard, and weed grown in field irrigated with industrial effluents. Bulletin Environmental Contamination Toxicology 2000; 64:489–496.
56. Satpathy D. Reddy M.V. Dhal S.P. Risk assessment of heavy metals contamination in paddy soil, plants, and grains (Oryza sativa L.) at the East Coast of India. Biomedical Research International 2014; 1–11.
57. Gupta S. Nayek S. Saha R. etal. Assessment of heavy metal accumulation in macrophyte, agricultural soil and crop plants adjacent to discharge zone of sponge iron factory. Environmental Geology 2008; 55:731–739.
58. Baba Akbari Sari M. Shakoori M. Hassani A. Evaluation of heavy metal hazard indicators due to vegetable consumption in Varamin city. Electronic Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production. 1398; 9 (1): 119-133. (Persian).
59.  Infante E. F. Cristine P. Gerald P. etal. Bioaccumulation and human health risk assessment of chromium and nickel in paddy rice grown in serpentine soils. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021; 28:17146–17157.
60. Cheng A. C. Warknek J. E. Page A. L. etal. Accumulation of heavy metal in sewage sludge treated soils. Journal Environmental Quality 1984; 13:87-90.
61. Singh A. Sharma R.K. Agrawal M. Marshall FM. Risk assessment of heavy metal toxicity through contaminated vegetables from waste water irrigated area of Varanasi, India. Tropical Ecology. 2010;51(2):375-87.
62. European Union (EU). Heavy Metals in Wastes European Commission on Environment. European Union: Brussels, Belgium, 2002.
63. FAO/WHO Food Standard Programme Codex Alimentarius Commission 13th Session. Report of the Thirty Eight Session of the Codex Committee on Food Hygiene. Houston, United States of America. 2007. 
64. Harmanescu M. Alda L.M. Bordean D.M. etal. Heavy metals health risk assessment for population via consumption of vegetables grown in old mining area a case study Banata county Romania. Chemistry Central Journal 2011; 5(54):1-10.
65. Baba Akbari Sari M. Shakoori M. Hassani A. Evaluation of heavy metal risk indicators due to vegetable consumption in Varamin city. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production 2019; 9(1): 119-133.
66. Wang Y. Qiao M. Liu Y. Zh Y. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and vegetables and potential risk for human health. Scientia Agricola 2010; 69(1):54-60.
67.Ferre Huguet N. Marti Cid R. Schuhmacher M. etal. Risk assessment of metals from consuming vegetables fruits and rice grown on soils irrigated with waters of the Ebro River in Catalonia Spain. Biological Trace Element Research. 2008; 123: 66-79.