Mohammad Reza Samarghandi; Ramin Khoshniyat; Ali Reza Rahmani; Ghodratollah Roshanaei; Ali Poormohammadi; Keyvan Saedpanah
Abstract
Introduction & Objective: Nowadays, the electronic devices are being used in our living environments and workplaces. The effect of magnetic fields from electronic devices on the microorganism has been taken into special consideration. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of magnetic fields ...
Read More
Introduction & Objective: Nowadays, the electronic devices are being used in our living environments and workplaces. The effect of magnetic fields from electronic devices on the microorganism has been taken into special consideration. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of magnetic fields on the microorganism exiting in water. Material & Methods: In this study two solenoid with 250 standard coil connected to a power source were used. So, a magnetic field (intensity of 100,200 and 300 mT) was created. The effect of magnetic fields was investigated in laboratory condition on temperature, pH, turbidity, total coliforms, focal coliforms and heterotrophic bacteria plate count of water samples. Also the effect of the time passed (10,20,30,40 and 50 mintues) on the cases and control samples was surveyed. Results:Results showed that the use of magnetic fields cause a significant increase in MPN/100 ml, coliform, total coliform and heterotrophic bacteria plate count in experimental samples in comparison with the control samples. Also, in most samples, this increase was more effective in 100 mT. According to the results, a slight increase was observed in temperature, pH and turbidity of samples under the influence of applied magnetic field. Conclusion: The main results obtained in this study indicated that the magnetic fields lead to an increase inMPN/100 ml, coliform, total coliform and heterotrophic bacteria plate count. In contrast, the results did not confirm the effect of magnetic fields on temperature, pH and turbidity of the water solution.
mahdi salari; Shahrokh Nazmara; Kazem Naddafi; Mohammad Hadi Dehghani
Abstract
Background & Objective:Formaldehyde is one of the most important aldehydes in ambient air which originates from vehicles and photochemical processes. Because of the importance of this pollutant in public health, in this study, we addressed the concentration level in coupled with daily and cross sectional ...
Read More
Background & Objective:Formaldehyde is one of the most important aldehydes in ambient air which originates from vehicles and photochemical processes. Because of the importance of this pollutant in public health, in this study, we addressed the concentration level in coupled with daily and cross sectional variation of formaldehyde in the high traffic area of Enghelab Square in Tehran city and also the effect of meteorological parameters on variation of formaldehyde concentration were determined. Materials & Methods:This cross-sectional study was done in Enghelab Square placed in the district 6 of Tehran in December, January and February (period 1) and April, May and June (period 2) in 2014-2015. To measure the concentration of formaldehyde, the chromotropic acid method was used and samples were analyzed by Perkin Elmer LAMBDA spectrophotometer model of 25 UV/Vis at wavelength 580nm. Data analysing performed by SPSS (T-test and coefficient correlation) and excel ( graphical drawing). Results:The formaldehyde concentration on Fridays in comparison with other days during the week have a significant difference (Independent T-test, p<0.05). The average concentration of formaldehyde in the period 2 of sampling was higher than that in the period 1 by 6.5 ppb (Paired T-test p<0.05). A significant positive correlation was found between temperature and humidity parameters and formaldehyde’s concentration with correlation coefficients of 0.457 and 0.338 respectively, and also pressure parameter with correlation coefficient of 0.1 showed no significant correlation between formaldehyde concentration variations. Furthermore, formaldehyde concentrations were increased under inversion conditions. Conclusion:Formaldehyde concentration on Fridays in comparison with other days had lower level that can be resulted from low traffic volume on Fridays. Moreover, increasing formaldehyde concentration in the period 2 (April, May and June months) in comparison to period 1 (December, January and February months) is the result of intensifying photochemical processes in the warm months. Also the effect of temperature, humidity and inversion condition on increasing the concentration of formaldehyde show the importance of meteorological conditions in formaldehyde concentration variations.
B. Heidari; M.H Mehdi Nejad; A.A. Najafpour; A. Zafarzadeh; H. Elahi
Abstract
Background & Objective: The issues of environmental engineering , due to its technical , environmental, social and economic factors are complicated. So, it is difficult to determine which variables are more effective. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effective variables by using ...
Read More
Background & Objective: The issues of environmental engineering , due to its technical , environmental, social and economic factors are complicated. So, it is difficult to determine which variables are more effective. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effective variables by using AHP and choose the best method of wastewater treatment (Soleimani Village). Materials & Methods: This is a descriptive study with applying approach. By using AHP is the preferred choices were determined. This method was evaluated by using software Expert Choice. In this regard, after considering the factors affecting or affected by, 3 criteria and 15 sub-criteria, and then the analytic hierarchy process were used. Then, the wastewater treatment processes were prioritized. The processes are constructed wetland systems, rotating biological discs, extended aeration with floating Media and activated sludge. They were based on technical criteria, economic, efficient of treatment process, sub- criteria, weighting and prioritization. Results:The results showed that weight scores of constructed wetland, rotary biological disc, extended aeration with floating Media and activated sludge were 0.36, 0.28, 0.2 and 0.15, respectively. Therefore, the treatment of choice in rural areas was constructed wetland treatment. Conclusions: The results show economic criteria are more effective to make the final decision. By the way, the technical criteria were also considered (e.g., ease of operation and construction, etc.) It can be concluded that the wetland method is the best alternative for Soleimani village.
Ali Asghar Navaei fezabady; Hossein Alidadi; Ali Asghar Najafpoor; Mahmoud Dankoob; Mohsen Yazdani; Masoumeh Saghi; Mohammad Naser Shafiee
Abstract
Background & objective: Evaluation of the effects on environment is an executive view for sustainable development. Solid waste is one of the factors that pollute the environment and the management, control and proper hygiene play a key role in promoting the health of society. So, in establishing ...
Read More
Background & objective: Evaluation of the effects on environment is an executive view for sustainable development. Solid waste is one of the factors that pollute the environment and the management, control and proper hygiene play a key role in promoting the health of society. So, in establishing the composting plants, the environmental issues should be considered and a proper place for these plants must be chosen. This can be one of the most important tasks in waste management programs in developing countries. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of these plants on environment and the procedures to be carried out in this field. Materials & Methods: This research was a review study. By Using the key words (such as compost plants, environmental impact assessment, Iran) the related articles on Web sites google schoolar, iranmedex , SID, Magiran and civilica were searched and studied. Results: In this study, Articles in the period 1995 to 2016 were studied and 40 papers were selected. One paper Environmental impact assessment study methods, One paper method Adkins and Brooke,7 paper method Leopold matrix, one paper matrix math,one paper matrix method of rapid, 2 paper Matrix interactions, the Check list for assessing and one paper matrix type III. Conclusion: In most reviewed studies, the method of Leopold matrix has been used to assess the environmental impact of compost plant. Leopold matrix method has been considered by researchers and experts because of its accuracy, surveying in the construction and operation phases, using two-dimensional tables to express the effects of a compost plant project on the environment, determining suitable place And finally scoring waypoint is placed by specialists for more Compost Plant
R. Rezaei Malidareh; M. Shokrzadeh; B. Khasi; S. Rouhi4; F. Zaboli
Abstract
Background & objective:The processes of cooking and also washing reduce the amount of heavy metals in rice. So identify the best method of cooking and washing is essential to reduce heavy metals. The aim of this study is to evaluate the remaining cadmium and lead after cooking and washing processes ...
Read More
Background & objective:The processes of cooking and also washing reduce the amount of heavy metals in rice. So identify the best method of cooking and washing is essential to reduce heavy metals. The aim of this study is to evaluate the remaining cadmium and lead after cooking and washing processes in Tarom rice in Qaemshahr city. Materials & Methods:Qaemshahr city was divided into five regions and of each region; three rice samples were collected, randomly. The concentration of lead and cadmium were evaluated in 75 raw rice samples, washed by water, cooked, rinsed rice and Kateh. Results were analyzed using software SPSS.18 and t-test student, Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's post hoc. Results: According to t-test Student test, amount of lead and cadmium in rice was higher than the international and Iran standards. The minimum amount of cadmium was in the rinsed rice method (0.19 ± 0.08) and lead was in the washed by water method (0.87 ± 0.3). ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference between concentrations of cadmium and lead in samples of rice in different regions (p <0.05).Duncan test also showed that the average of the amounts of cadmium and lead in raw samples had a significant difference with all samples, and residue of these metals in raw rice was more than other samples (p <0.05). Conclusion: The amount of heavy metals in studied rice samples was higher than the standard limit. The minimum amount of metals was observed in the rinsing and washing methods. As regards that contamination in planted ricesnear industrial wastewater was higher than the others, So planting rice in areas closing to the industrial factories should be prevented, and best methods for rice cooking should be trained.
Majid Mirzabeygi; amirhossein Mahvi; Mozhgan Naji; Abbas Abbasnia
Abstract
Background & Objective:One of the most complicated and costly problems associated with drinking water providing, is called as corrosion. Corrosion processes can cause pitting problems, reducing lifetime of water utilities and loss of water which can lead to high cost. Therefore the aim of this study ...
Read More
Background & Objective:One of the most complicated and costly problems associated with drinking water providing, is called as corrosion. Corrosion processes can cause pitting problems, reducing lifetime of water utilities and loss of water which can lead to high cost. Therefore the aim of this study is to determine the corrosion and scaling indices of rural drinking water resources of Khorasan Razavi. Material & Methods:In this cross sectional study to evaluate water quality characteristics in the Khorasan Razavi resources, 879 samples were taken during 2013 were analyzed based on standard manual method book. Five indices including Langlier, Ryznar, Puckorius, Larson-Skold and Aggressiveness Index were programed in Excel software then scaling potential and corrosiveness of rural water of Khorasan razavi was studied. Results: The results indicated that values of Langlier equals 0.33 ±0.14, Ryznar equals 7.36 ±0.37,Puckorius equals 7.4 ±0.6, Larson Ratio is equal to 2.1±1.4 and Aggressiveness Index equals 12.03 ±0.18. Conclusions: In comparison of five stability indices, it was found that drinking water in the study area is corrosive. Thus essential actions for reducing corrosion and corrosion by-products, health and economic loss are required.
Ahmad Reza Yazdanbakhsh; Anoushiravan Mohseni bandpei; Abotaleb Bay; Mahdi Sadeghi
Abstract
Background and Aims: Swimming pools and Jacuzzis as sports and recreational centers are used by many people in different ages and classes. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between physicochemical characteristics and microbial contamination in Jacuzzi water and swimming pools ...
Read More
Background and Aims: Swimming pools and Jacuzzis as sports and recreational centers are used by many people in different ages and classes. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between physicochemical characteristics and microbial contamination in Jacuzzi water and swimming pools in Golestan province. Materials and Methods: In the present cross-sectional study with descriptive-analytic approach, eight indoor swimming pool and Jacuzzi were chosen to be investigated in the Golestan province. Biological (Total coliform, E.coli, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas) and physiochemical parameters (temperature, pH, turbidity, free chlorine residual) were performed according to standard methods. Results: The obtained results showed a significant and positive correlation between turbidity and Pseudomonas in swimming pools (p=0.017). However, no significant relationship was observed between turbidity and other microorganisms. Also, it was revealed that there was a significant and positive correlation between total coliforms and fecal streptococci in the Jacuzzis . Beside an inverse relationship was found btween the free residual chlorine and indicator organisms. Conclusions:There is a high dispersion between microbial contamination and physicochemical variables in pools and Jacuzzis. In other wordو pools and Jacuzzis are very clean on some days and on some others, they are too polluted from the aspect of microorganisms’ presence and turbidity.. This indicates that there is no appropriate operation for pools and Jacuzzis in proportion of swimmer numbers and disinfection rate.
A. shahryari; N. Ahmadi; Y. Dadban Shahamat; R. Aali; A. Mokarary; J. Sharifi Ghojagh
Abstract
Background & objective: There is a public concern about the microbial quality of distribution water systems that it induces increasingly consumption of bottled waters in our country. In Iran, bottled waters are produced in two packaging models; small (0.5 Litter) and big (1.5 Litter); microbial load ...
Read More
Background & objective: There is a public concern about the microbial quality of distribution water systems that it induces increasingly consumption of bottled waters in our country. In Iran, bottled waters are produced in two packaging models; small (0.5 Litter) and big (1.5 Litter); microbial load of which can be deteriorated before using by consumer and durrin storage. This study was design to assess the bacterial contamination of bottled waters and compare the ratio of contamination in small and big bottles packaged. Materials & Methods: in this descriptive and analytic study, 400 bottled water samples including 185 of small and 215 of big bottled waters were selected from Gorgan food markets during May 2014 to April 2015 from 10 popular brands. Microbial level of bottled waters were determined via Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) on the R2A medium with spread plated method. For statistical analyses, SPSS ver.23.0 were used by one sample T test and chi-square test in a P-value ofResults: The mean HPC bacteria were 8557 and 11188 Colony Forming Unit per milliliter (CFU/ml) in small and big bottled waters, respectively, which are much higher than microbial standard (500 cfu/ml) set by drinking water. Moreover, in 85.0 percent of all samples tested, HPC level was more than 500 cfu/ml; that 40.8 and 44.2 percent of its related to small and big bottles, respectively. The statistical analysis showed that the quantity of bottles water did not have a significant effect on the number of bacteria. Conclusion: Small and big bottled waters had a microbial contamination based on the heterotrophic plate count. Therefore, consumption of bottled water could be hazardous for public health particularly for lowered immunity.