Document Type : Research article
Authors
1 M.Sc., Dep. of Environmental Science, College of Basic Sciences and Modern Technologies, Electronic Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Professor, Dept. of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran.
3 Professor, Dept. of the Environment, College of Marine Science and Technology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Considering the ever-increasing expansion of petrochemical industries in Iran and the high capacity of accidents such as fire and explosion in these industries, this study was conducted to evaluate and analyze of risks of tanks containing flammable substances in Shiraz Petrochemical Company using bow-tie model.
Materials & Methods: In the current study, the statistical population included: managers, experts, and employees of Shiraz Petrochemical Company, who evaluated and analyzed the risk of tanks containing flammable substances using the bow-tie model based on the checklist. Also, the collected data were processed using Bow TieXP software version 12.02.
Results: Based on the results obtained, among the 233 preventive and reducing obstacles, 193 cases, i.e. 82.8%, were related to the behavioral factor. Three cases equal to 1.29% related to active hardware factors, 20 cases equal to 8.58% related to technical-social factors, 12 cases equal to 5.15% related to continuous hardware factors and five cases equal to 2.15% were related to passive hardware factors. Therefore, behavioral factors had the highest amount of preventive and reducing barriers and had a significant difference with other factors also.
Conclusion: Increasing the awareness of the humans working in the maintenance and care of tanks containing flammable substances division could be a suitable solution for managers to increase the safety level of these departments. This confirms the need to change and improve the attitude, reform the structure, and plan effective and efficient training in this field that does not involve high direct costs and at the same time has a good chance of returning capital.
Open Access Policy: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Keywords
- Mihanparast H. Importance of implementing process safety management requirements; PSM, in oil, gas, refining and petrochemical industries. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Chemical and Petroleum Engineering. 2021 Jun. 17, Tehran, Iran (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003129257-2-2
- Saisandhiya NR, Vijay Babu K. Hazard identification and risk assessment in petrochemical industry. Int J Res Appl Sci Eng Technol 2020; 8(9): 778-83. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2020.31583
- Pérez FI. Writing 'usable' Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) safety cases using bowtie methodology. Proc Saf Environ Prot 2021; 149: 850-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.03.022
- Azhdari MR, Monazami Tehrani G, Alibabaei A. Investigating the causes of human error-induced incidents in the maintenance operations of petrochemical industry by using HFACS. J Occup Hyg Eng 2017; 3(4): 22-30 (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.21859/johe-03043
- Azarnia Ghavam M, Mazloumi A, Hosseini MR. Identification and evaluation of human error in operation of electrical installations of Tehran Province Electricity Distribution Company using SHERPA technique. J Health Saf Work 2019; 9(4): 363-80 (In Persian).
- Jafari B, Nezamodini ZA, Sari H, Hesam S. Risk assessment by Job safety analysis and William Fine Method and comparison with workers' risk perception results. Arch Occup Health 2021;\5(4):1109-17. https://doi.org/10.18502/aoh.v5i4.7972
- Welch SA, Moe SJ, Sharikabad MN, Tollefsen KE, Olsen K, Grung M. Predicting environmental risks of pharmaceuticals from wholesale data: An example from Norway. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023; 42(10): 2253-70. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5702
- Kirwan B, Mearns K, Reader TW, Jackson J, Kennedy R, Gordon R. Development of a methodology for understanding and enhancing safety culture in Air Trac Management. Saf Sci 2013; 53: 123-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2012.09.001
- Bhatt S. Occupational risk assessment using Bow tie Method in chemical industry. Int J Res Appl Sci Eng Technol 2024; 12(6): 944-52. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.63230
- Ebadzadeh F, Monavari SM, Jozi SA, Robati M, Rahimi R. Combining the Bow-tie model and EFMEA method for environmental risk assessment in the petrochemical industry. Int J Environ Sci Technol 2023; 20: 1357-68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04690-y
- Wu X, Huang H, Xie J, Lu M, Wang S, Li W, et al. A novel dynamic risk assessment method for the petrochemical industry using bow-tie analysis and Bayesian network analysis method based on the methodological framework of ARAMIS project. Reliab Eng Sys Saf 2023; 237: 109397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2023.109397
- Zolfaghari G, Omrani F, Alizadeh A. Semi-quantitative risk assessment of health exposure to volatile organic carbons (VOCs) in Sabzevar petrol stations. J Environ Sci Stud 2023; 9(2): 8549-60 (In Persian).
- Shariatmadari M, Nahavandi N. Identification and assessment of risks in petrochemical projects in Iran; case study: Bakhtar Petrochemical Company. J Struct Constr Eng 2020; 7: 101-23 (In Persian).
- Karimie S, Mohammadfam I, Mirzaei Aliabadi M. Human errors assessment in the one of the control rooms of a petrochemical industrial company using the extended CREAM method and BN. J Health Saf Work 2019; 9(2): 105-12 (In Persian).
- Balist J, Malek mohammadi B, Chehrzar F, Moarab Y. Environmental risk assessment of Gachsaran oil refinery production unit by Integrating Multi Criteria Decision Making and Environmental Failure-Mode and effects analysis. J Environ Sci Technol 2018; 20(1): 165-78 (In Persian).
- Halvani G, Mehrparvar AH, Shamsi F, Rafieenia R, Khani Mouseloo B, Ebrahimi G. Risk assessment of human error among Mohr City, Parsian Gas refinery company control room operators using systematic human error reduction and prediction approach SHERPA in 2016. Tibbi-i-Kar. 2017; 9(3): 32-44 (In Persian).
- Rezaian S, Jozi SA, Zeynali H. Safety and environmental risk assessment of northwest petrochemical company using EFMEA method. Proceedings of the International Conference on the New Horizons in the Agricultural Sciences, Natural Resources and Environment. 2017 Dec. 14, Tehran, Iran (In Persian).
- Yoo H, Yang M, Song J, Yoon J, Lee W, Jang J, et al. Investigation of working conditions and health status in platform workers in the Republic of Korea. Saf Health Work 2024; 15(1): 17-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2024.01.002
- Lee K, Kwon H, Cho S, Kim J, Moon I. Improvements of safety management system in Korean chemical industry after a large chemical accident. J Loss Prevent Proc Ind 2016; 42: 6-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2015.08.006
- Ghaedsharaf Z, Jabbari M. Identifying hazards and presenting HSE risk management program using Bow-Tie and SOWT-ANP methods at the urea unit of Shiraz petrochemical complex. J Health Saf Work 2020; 10(1): 46-57 (In Persian).
- Ahmadi A, Amiri F, Tabatabaie T. Investigation of health, environmental and economic effects of air pollution from Shiraz Petrochemical Complex (Case study: Marvdasht city and historical site of Persepolis). Geogr (Reg Plan) J 2023; 13: 1-10 (In Persian).
- Pérez FI. Writing 'usable' Nuclear Power Plant NPP safety cases using bowtie methodology. Proc Saf Environ Prot 2021; 149: 50-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.03.022
- Bensaci C, Zennir Y, Pomorski D, Innal F, Liu Y, Tolba C. STPA and Bowtie risk analysis study for centralized and hierarchical control architectures comparison. Alexandria Eng J 2020; 595: 3799-3816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2020.06.036
- Moradi B, Jazani RK, Gheisvandi H, Monazami Tehran G. Risks management of Tube Bundle heat exchanger in the petrochemical industries using the Risk-Based Inspection approach. J Health Field 2019; 7(1): 36-43.
- Majidi E, Zarei Mahmoud Abadi H, Fattahi Bafghi H, Ahmadi S, Sharifi M, Moradi B. Identifying and assessment the health hazards of the petrochemical industry using the localized JHA Method. Occup Hyg Health Promot J 2022; 5(4): 359-70 (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.18502/ohhp.v5i4.8462
- Langdalen H, Abrahamsen EB, Selvik JT. On the importance of systems thinking when using the ALARP principle for risk management. Reliab Eng Sys Saf 2020; 204: 107222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2020.107222
- Shariff AM, Zaini D. Inherent risk assessment methodology in preliminary design stage: a case study for toxic release. J Loss Prevent Proc Ind 2013; 26: 605-13. 28. Jones FV, Israni K. Environmental risk assessment utilizing Bow-tie methodology. Proceedings of the International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production, 2010 Apr. 12-14, Perth, Australia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2012.12.003
- Jacinto C, Silva C. A semi-quantitative assessment of occupational risks using bow-tie representation. Safety Science. 2010;48(8):973-9. 30. Xie S, Dong S, Chen Y, Peng Y, Li X. A novel risk evaluation method for fire and explosion accidents in oil depots using bow-tie analysis and risk matrix analysis method based on cloud model theory. Reliab Eng Sys Saf 2021; 215: 107791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2021.107791
- Song G, Khan F, Wang H, Leighton S, Yuan Z, Liu H. Dynamic occupational risk model for offshore operations in harsh environments. Reliab Eng Sys Saf 2016; 150: 58-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2016.01.021
- Stefana E, Ustolin F, Paltrinieri N. IMPROSafety: a risk-based framework to integrate occupational and process safety. J Loss Prevent Proc Ind 2022; 75: 104698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2021.104698
)