Elahe Khayyami; Mahdi Pahlevani; Ebrahim Esmailzadeh
Abstract
Background and purpose:This study aimed to evaluate the performance of biological process treatment (Modified Ludzack Ettinger) of municipal wastewater treatment plant No. 4 in Mashhad- Alteymur.Materials and methods: The performance of treatment plant was evaluated in a 12-month period from March 2020 ...
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Background and purpose:This study aimed to evaluate the performance of biological process treatment (Modified Ludzack Ettinger) of municipal wastewater treatment plant No. 4 in Mashhad- Alteymur.Materials and methods: The performance of treatment plant was evaluated in a 12-month period from March 2020 to February 2021. Based on flow changes, a sampling of raw sewage inlet and outlet effluent was done in combination. Moreover, studied parameters, including BOD5, COD, TSS, TDS, EC, pH, total coliform, and fecal coliform were measured according to the methods presented in the standard method book for water and wastewater tests. ANOVA test was used to analyze the data and compare them.Results: Based on the results, the highest removal efficiencies are related to the parameters of T.C, FC, TSS, BOD5, COD, TDS, and EC, respectively, with 100, 100, 98.48, 97.88, 48.96, 25.97, and 25.88 percent, respectively. The significant removal efficiency of measured parameters in the effluent from wastewater treatment plant No. 4 of Mashhad (Altimour) shows the proper performance of MLE process system. The results of the ANOVA test to compare the removal efficiency of parameters in different seasons showed that the performance of treatment plant was not affected by the change of seasons.Conclusion: The amounts of pollutants were compared with the standard of the Environmental Protection Organization of Iran for discharge to the environment and using the wastewater. According to the studies performed on the tested parameters, the effluent is in line with the standards of the Environmental Protection Organization for irrigation and agriculture, surface water, and absorption wells, but for other uses and proper efficiency of the effluent, all aspects should be considered.
Shahram Sadeghi; Behzad Shahmoradi; Nammam Ali Azadi; Kazhal Karami; Mona Ghaslani; Mona Karami Cheshmeh Zangi; Bayan Hossienzadeh
Abstract
Background and Aim: One of the main resources of methane emissions is waste disposal buried in landfill sites. To control the negative effects of methane emission on Ozone layer known as greenhouse effect, the routine is to capture methane and use it as an energy resource. The objective of this study ...
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Background and Aim: One of the main resources of methane emissions is waste disposal buried in landfill sites. To control the negative effects of methane emission on Ozone layer known as greenhouse effect, the routine is to capture methane and use it as an energy resource. The objective of this study was to assess the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the Saqqez municipal solid wastes and to estimate the potential methane gas emission from the city’s landfills using LandGEM software over 2015-2034. Materials and methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, the amount of solid wastes, the population of Saqqez city, and the characteristics of municipal solid waste landfills were used to estimate the methane gas emission using LandGEM software. Initial population and the population growth of Saqqez were obtained from the last census of 2012. Results: The amount of annual waste was 62050 tons with methane emissions of 32m3/h in 2016. It is estimated that this amount to increase to 108805 tons with methane emissions of 2203m3/h in 2034. Conclusion: In summary, the results of this study can assist city managers to prepare the appropriate actions to control and manage methane emissions to reduce its negative effects especially on environment.
Davoud Balarak; Edris Bazrafshan; Yousef Mahdavi
Abstract
Background & objective: Chromium, found in many industrial effluents, is one of most important heavy metal with health and environmental risks. Therefore, the aim of this study is to survey the effect of Cr (VI) removal by using Cyperus rotundus Weed biomass. Material & methods: This empirical ...
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Background & objective: Chromium, found in many industrial effluents, is one of most important heavy metal with health and environmental risks. Therefore, the aim of this study is to survey the effect of Cr (VI) removal by using Cyperus rotundus Weed biomass. Material & methods: This empirical study was done in lab scale. The variation of pH, dose of adsorbent, contact time, and concentration of chromium were investigated. The adsorption data was explained by adsorption isotherms and kenitics.The residual concentration was analyzed by spectrophotometer in maximum wavelength of 540 nm. Results: It was determined that the pH value of 3, contact time of 60 min, adsorbent dosage of 4 g/L and Cr (VI) concentration of 10 mg/L were the optimum conditions for adsorbents. The most Cr (VI) removal efficiency of 99% was obtained for Cystoseira indica biomass in optimum conditions. The equilibrium data is best fitted on Langmuir isotherm and the adsorption kinetic model follows pseudo-second model. The maximum capacity of adsorption was 10.12 mg/g. conclusion: The results revealed that by using Bio-absorption the removal of Cr+6 can be done quickly and effectively.
Fahimeh Sharifan; Ali Shahidi; Abbas Khashei
Abstract
Background& objective: The hexavalent chromium is a toxic and water-soluble heavy metal that is absorbed and stored through the digestive system and through the skin in the human body. That amount is exceeded in drinking water in Birjand. So the purpose of this studies, Process about remove the hexavalent ...
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Background& objective: The hexavalent chromium is a toxic and water-soluble heavy metal that is absorbed and stored through the digestive system and through the skin in the human body. That amount is exceeded in drinking water in Birjand. So the purpose of this studies, Process about remove the hexavalent chromium by using from pine fruit powder, carbon and compare to each other. Methods: In this research, for Calculate removal efficiency (Re), Parameters of contact time, pH, adsorbent dose, initial Cr (VI) concentration and Temperature was studied. Experiments were intermittently performed in batch reactor on Shaker. Results: The results showed that the absorption of chromium significantly depends on the pH of the solution and the absorption rate in the range of 3 for powder and 1 for carbon was achieved when the pH of the solution. The maximum removal of Cr (VI) for pine fruit powder is 96/5 % and for activated Carbon Pine Cones is 93/958%. The results indicate that the soluble chromium ions through the absorbent used in this study, as well as follow the Langmuir isotherm model. Conclusion: The most remove of the hexavalent chromium happened by pine fruit powder and Pine cones can be used as an effective and inexpensive method to remove of the hexavalent chromium from contaminated wastewater.
Yahya Choopan; Somayeh Emami
Abstract
Background and Objective: Since, the treated effluents can be used as a reliable and sustainable source for agricultural activities, the treatment and recycling of wastewater is the most important solution in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world, such as Iran. a In Iran, the reuse of treated wastewater ...
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Background and Objective: Since, the treated effluents can be used as a reliable and sustainable source for agricultural activities, the treatment and recycling of wastewater is the most important solution in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world, such as Iran. a In Iran, the reuse of treated wastewater is becoming a validated method to recycle useful ingredients of the wastewater to the water cycle. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the quality of Torbat-Heydarieh's municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent for irrigation and agricultural uses. Method: In this study, the chemical and microbiological analysis of Torbat-Heydarieh's municipal sewage treatment plant effluent has been investigated for agricultural uses in the mentioned method in 2015 year. The considered output parameters of the wastewater were (Total Suspended Solid)TSS, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), COD, Coliform, nitrate, Turbidity parameter, sulfate, phosphate, chloride and poisonous non-organic compounds. Data analysis was performed using DSTAT software and statistical volume of 45 samples. Findings: The results of the chemical analysis of municipal sewage showed that the amount of nitrate in the wastewater is higher than the standards of World Organization Health (WHO) and (Food and agriculture Organization) FAO. Therefore, appropriate strategies should be considered for agricultural applications. Conclusion: The results of the chemical analysis of municipal sewage showed that total TDS, dissolved Oxygen, BOD, COD, caloric, magnesium, sodium and calcium, phosphate and chloride in sewage treatment plant are in standard range.
Soheil Sobhanardakani; Lobat Taghavi
Abstract
Background & Objective: Nowadays due to the environmental pollution, health risk of foodstuffs consumption especially citrus species as an integral part of human diet has become a serious challenge. Therefore, this study was carried out for analysis and health risk assessment of As and Zn in some ...
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Background & Objective: Nowadays due to the environmental pollution, health risk of foodstuffs consumption especially citrus species as an integral part of human diet has become a serious challenge. Therefore, this study was carried out for analysis and health risk assessment of As and Zn in some widely used citrus samples marketed in Hamedan city in 2015. Materials and Methods: In this analytical study, 48 samples of citrus species (orange, grapefruit, lemon and tangerine) were randomly collected from four wholesale centers of Hamedan city. After samples preparation using acid digestion method, the concentrations of elements in samples were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP–OES) in three replications. the gained experimental results were analyzed by SPSS 20 software using Shapiro-Wilk Test, One Sample T Test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient. Results:The results showed that the maximum mean concentration (mg/kg) of As and Zn were 0.09±0.07, and 0.26±0.09 for grapefruit and lemon samples respectively. Also the computed health risk assessment showed that there is no potential risk for children and adult to consume the studied citrus. Conclusion: Although based on the obtained results, controlled consumption of studied citrus species has not adverse effect on the consumers’ health, due to the increased use of agricultural inputs especially phosphorus fertilizers, sewage sludge and wastewater by farmers and orchardists, regular periodic monitoring of chemical pollutants such as pesticides and other toxic metals (Hg, Pb, Cd and Cr) content are recommended for food safety especially in imported foodstuffs.
Leila Ebrahimzadeh
Abstract
Background and Aim: Nowadays, because of several reasons, the incidence of waterborne and foodborne diseases is increasing in the world. Hence, this study was conducted to analyze the data on the prevalence of waterborne and foodborne diseases in Kurdistan province. Materials and Methods: This study ...
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Background and Aim: Nowadays, because of several reasons, the incidence of waterborne and foodborne diseases is increasing in the world. Hence, this study was conducted to analyze the data on the prevalence of waterborne and foodborne diseases in Kurdistan province. Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive analytical study that analyzed the outbreaks reported in Kurdistan province from 2011 to 2017. In this study, Chi-square test was applied to assess the relationships between the sources of the outbreaks (water or food) and the studied variables, including age, sex, cause of disease, region, place of outbreak, time of outbreak, status of drinking water distribution network, and status of chlorination. STSTA software Version 13 was used to perform the statistical analysis. Results: According to the results of this study, of a total of 390 outbreaks reported during the studied period, 90 cases (23.08%) were caused by water, 261 cases (66.92%) were caused by food, and 39 cases (10%) had an unknown source. Concerning the location, of all cases of waterborne outbreaks, 69 cases of outbreaks (76.67%) occurred in rural areas and 21 cases of outbreaks (23.33%) occurred in urban areas. On the other hand, of all cases of foodborne outbreaks, 147 cases of outbreaks (56.32%) occurred in urban areas and 114 cases of outbreaks (43.68%) occurred in rural areas and there was a significant relationship between the outbreak and the location of residence in the city or village (P-value <0.001). Conclusion: Based on the results of this research, observing food hygiene during the preparation and cooking of food and supervising the supply of healthy drinking water have a significant role in reducing the prevalence of waterborne and foodborne outbreaks.
Mahdi Sadeghi; Noshin Noroozi; Ali Shahbazi
Abstract
Background and purpose: Water quality is an important factor that affects all aspects of eco-system and health food-to-business activities to the sustainability and health of the echo systemThis study was carried out with the aim of investigating the qualitative changes in the Ziarat River water. Materials ...
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Background and purpose: Water quality is an important factor that affects all aspects of eco-system and health food-to-business activities to the sustainability and health of the echo systemThis study was carried out with the aim of investigating the qualitative changes in the Ziarat River water. Materials and Methods: Samples from the Ziarat River Station (5 stations) were sampled each year in 2018. Samples were transferred to the Golestan University of Medical Sciences in accordance with the standard conditions, along with ice. The parameters of nitrate, phosphorus, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium, total hardness and total Fecal coliform was measured according to standard method and the Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated. Results: The results of the study, based on the WQI index, showed that the index for all stations was between 29.68 and 64.78, and in some of them the average was (50-70) and some stations had poor quality ( 50-25). The most effective parameter on the water quality of the river is the BOD parameter, and then it is the total solids, turbidity, phosphate, nitrate and total Fecal coliform. Conclusion: The highest level of pollution in the terminal stations (4 and 5) due to more industrial activity is the entry of sewage and effluents into the river in Gorgan. Among the measured parameters of nitrogen and phosphorus as nutrients, if left unchecked, it poses a risk of eutrophication. Agricultural, livestock and recreational activities around the river affect the water quality of the river. So that a more appropriate quality was observed in the upstream stations. Considering that the Ziarat River is one of the most important sources of water supply needed in the agricultural and industrial sectors in Golestan province. Therefore, monitoring and control of pollutants entering this river is essential.
Mohammad Hasan Yazdani; Maryam Jami Odulo; Zhila Farzaneh Sadat Zaranji
Abstract
Abstract Background and Aim: Waste disposal and accumulation in the environment is well known as an environmental and human health problem that, in addition to environmental aesthetic issues, is a threat to the mental, physical, and emotional health of citizens. Despite the positive effects ...
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Abstract Background and Aim: Waste disposal and accumulation in the environment is well known as an environmental and human health problem that, in addition to environmental aesthetic issues, is a threat to the mental, physical, and emotional health of citizens. Despite the positive effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on the environment, it has also had negative effects on the environment. This study aimed to pathologically analyze the environmental behavior of citizens in District 3 of Ardabil with emphasis on littering during the COVID-19 pandemic and taking into account four criteria (lack of facilities, dirty environment, anonymity, and habit of littering). Materials and Methods: This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Excel and SPSS software (to estimate the average answers to the questionnaire) were used to analyze the data. To measure the environmental behaviors of the citizens of the studied areas, the relevant indicators were used with the entropy weighting method and the target areas were classified using decision-making techniques. Finally, the Copeland integration technique was used to achieve the final prioritization.Results: Based on the findings of various decision-making techniques, the Molayosef and Molabashi neighborhoods were in the most unfavorable situation with the lowest score and ranked first in terms of waste distribution, and the Rezvan neighborhood was in the last rank with the highest score and had the best status.Conclusion: Since many citizens consider the lacked or poor waste disposal services as one of the important reasons for littering behavior, therefore, providing health-care and education infrastructure in the city is very important to encourage community members toward responsible environmental behaviors.
Elahe Rezaie; Mahdi Sadeghi; Ghodratollah Shams Khoramabadi
Abstract
Background and objective: One of the major environmental problems of municipal landfill is leachate. Electrochemical methods are considered for the treatment of leachate. This study aimed at the treatment of landfill leachate electrochemical method using a platinum electrode and graphite based on a laboratory ...
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Background and objective: One of the major environmental problems of municipal landfill is leachate. Electrochemical methods are considered for the treatment of leachate. This study aimed at the treatment of landfill leachate electrochemical method using a platinum electrode and graphite based on a laboratory scale. Materials & Methods: In this study, the equipment for electrochemical reactor included an anode electrode made of platinum and a cathode electrode made of graphite. Chromium and organic matter removal percentage in the electric current density range of 1, 2, 3, 4 A and reaction time of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 hours were surveyed. Results: The results showed that electrical coagulation process can increase removal of organic matter and heavy metals and by increasing the time the removal of COD and BOD and chromium will increase. Meanwhile, the rate of degradation wills elevates. By increasing the intensity of electric current, the time required to achieve the same removal efficiency is reduced and by reducing the amount of electrical current, the required time increases. Conclusion:The results indicated that electrochemical process, by using a platinum electrode and graphite is a method for treating wastewater containing heavy metals, BOD and COD .Elerochemical process as a pre-treatment process can remove organic matters, heavy metals. It also reduces the organic load and increases the degradation of sewage. The method can be used as an effective option for the treatment of sewage, prevention of environmental pollution, and protection of water supplies.
Soheil Sobhanardakani; Samireh Mahmodnezhad; Masoumeh Heydari
Abstract
Background & Objective: Heavy metals being among the major pollutants of aquatic ecosystems are considered as high-toxicity pollutants for organisms due to the non-biodegradable and persistent potential in the environment. Therefore, this study was carried out to analyse the presence of heavy metals ...
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Background & Objective: Heavy metals being among the major pollutants of aquatic ecosystems are considered as high-toxicity pollutants for organisms due to the non-biodegradable and persistent potential in the environment. Therefore, this study was carried out to analyse the presence of heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Cr and Cu) in water of Marivan River in 2013. Material & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, forty samples were taken from five selected stations during spring and summer seasons in 2013. After taken samples preparation, the concentrations of metal ions were investigated by spectrophotometry with three replications. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 19.0 statistical package (p<0/05). Results: The results showed that the mean concentrations of metals (µg/l) in water samples for spring season were equal to 26.20±11.34, 0.73±0.06, 1.50±0.11 and 121.10±14.05 for Zn, Cd, Cr and Cu, respectively and in water samples for summer season were equal to 27.10±24.72, 0.72±0.05, 1.50±0.16 and 123.80±31.27 for Zn, Cd, Cr and Cu, respectively. Also, the mean concentrations of the evaluated metals compared with WHO and Iran DOE permissible limits showed a significant difference (P<0.05). That is, the mean concentrations of Zn, Cd, Cr and Cu were significantly lower than the permissible limits in both spring and summer seasons. Conclusion: Although the water of Marivan River was not contaminated to heavy metals during the study period. But due to the establishment and development of industrial, urban and agricultural activities along the river and its uncontrolled discharges of wastewater into the river, pollution and decrease of water quality in the near future is not unexpected.
Arezoo Nejaei; samad Babaiy2; moradali zareipour
Abstract
Introduction: One of the most important factors in maintenance and promotion of public health is sanitary disposal of waste. At present, the use of educational models to determine the causes of non-acceptance of health-related behaviors is growing. This study aims to evaluate the factors associated with ...
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Introduction: One of the most important factors in maintenance and promotion of public health is sanitary disposal of waste. At present, the use of educational models to determine the causes of non-acceptance of health-related behaviors is growing. This study aims to evaluate the factors associated with behavior of garbage disposal based on health belief model in Urmia city health center staff. Materials and Method: This descriptive-analytic study was took place on 300 employees in 2016 in Urmia city health center. Samples were collected using simple random sampling method. Also, data gathering was done in accordance with a questionnaire containing demographic questions and the health belief model structures. the validity and reliability of the used questionnaire was confirmed by the researchers. Statistical data analysis was performed using software spss-16 through chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis. Results: According to the obtained results there was a significant relation among dependent variable (sanitary garbage disposal) and surveyed independent variables including gender, marital status, employment category, socioeconomic status (P <./ 05). Perceived intensity was recognized as the most effective factor for sanitary garbage disposal among all of the factors of health belief model. Perceived self-efficacy, perceived benefits, perceived susceptibility, awareness and perceived barriers occupied next ranks in this regard. Conclusion: It is suggested that the design and implementation of waste management programs should be based on the health belief model with emphasis on perceived intensity as well as self-efficacy.
Mojtaba Afsharnia; Aliakbar Dehghan; Hosein Alidadi; Najmeh Afsharkohan; Sedigheh Majidian
Abstract
Abstract Background & Aim: The colored waste from the textile industry is one of the most pollutants in the aquatic environment. One of the most widely used paints in the textile industry is methylene blue, which is often aromatic, often toxic, carcinogenic, mutated and resistant to biological ...
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Abstract Background & Aim: The colored waste from the textile industry is one of the most pollutants in the aquatic environment. One of the most widely used paints in the textile industry is methylene blue, which is often aromatic, often toxic, carcinogenic, mutated and resistant to biological degradation and has harmful effects on living organisms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the bismuth oxyiodide nanoparticles capability to absorb methylene blue from synthetic wastewater. Materials &methods: The present study was carried out in a laboratory scale in batch mode. The effects of variables affecting the process including pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and initial concentration of color, kinetic and adsorption isotherm were investigated. Results: The maximum removal efficiency of methylene blue from solutions was observed in optimal conditions as pH of 9, contact time of 30 minutes, absorbance dose of 3 g/L and initial concentration of 10 mg/L. Methylene blue adsorption compliance by BiOI from a pseudo-second kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model shows that the type of reaction is chemical absorption. Conclusion: The results of the experiments showed that bismuth oxide has a high potential for removal of methylene blue molecules from contaminated wastewater.
Zohre Rahnamabargard; Ali Sajjadi; Horiye Naddaf; Mahnaz Kharghani
Abstract
Background and Aim:Regardless of the positive economic effects, the adverse environmental impacts of mines make it necessary to assess environmental impacts. The purpose of this study was to determine the environmental impacts of granite and marble quarries in Khorasan Razavi province. Materials and ...
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Background and Aim:Regardless of the positive economic effects, the adverse environmental impacts of mines make it necessary to assess environmental impacts. The purpose of this study was to determine the environmental impacts of granite and marble quarries in Khorasan Razavi province. Materials and methods:In this descriptive-analytical study after field visits, information was collected through a checklist and data analysis was performed using RIAM and Leopold matrices. Results:Analysis of mine information through the Leopold matrix showed that the average overall ranking in all environments including cultural, socio-economic, biological and physical was -1.46, which indicates poor negative consequences. Also, the most harmful consequences were in the biological environment. According to the results of the RIAM matrix, the most negative impacts of mining occur in the physical-chemical environment. Conclusion:Exploration activities of the granite and marble quarries in Khorasan Razavi with respect to the RIAM matrix generally have moderate to slight negative effects on the physico-chemical environment and with respect to the Leopold matrix have minor adverse effects on the biological and physico-chemical environments. The continuation of exploitation of the Khorasan Razavi stone mine along with environmental considerations can, in addition to realizing the national development goals, lead to the creation of job opportunities and the construction of infrastructural facilities.
Mohammad Hadi Abolhasani; Niloofar Pirestani; Ali Eslami
Abstract
Abstract Background and Aim: Increasing levels of toxic heavy metals in the environment have led to risks to the health of humans and living organisms. Materials and methods: First, some characteristics of rock wool including pH, EC, pHZPC, chemical composition, structure, and morphology were determined ...
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Abstract Background and Aim: Increasing levels of toxic heavy metals in the environment have led to risks to the health of humans and living organisms. Materials and methods: First, some characteristics of rock wool including pH, EC, pHZPC, chemical composition, structure, and morphology were determined using XRD, XRF, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Adsorbing tests were then conducted in a non-continuous reactor using synthetic solutions containing nickel. Optimum adsorption conditions were determined concerning pH, metal initial concentration, contact time, and adsorbent dose. The data were analyzed in a completely randomized block design. Results: The highest adsorption was seen at pH = 5 and the lowest at pH = 3, with a significant difference. The absorption rate was significantly higher in the 5 mg/l solutions than in other concentrations and the lowest was observed at 100 mg/l concentration. The lowest nickel adsorption rate was observed in 5 min and the highest adsorption efficiency was observed in 90 min, with a significant difference. The adsorption percentage of rock wool waste at the 10 g/l doses was significantly higher than that in other adsorbent doses and the lowest adsorption percentage was observed at the 1 g/l dose. The isotherm studies showed that the adsorption of nickel by rock wool waste was consistent with the Freundlich model. Conclusion: It can be concluded that rock wool waste could remove nickel from industrial effluents.
Mitra Mohammadi; Sepideh Ansari; Zeinab Asghari; Samaneh Najafi; Zohreh Mirzaei Niko; Elahe Khayyami
Abstract
Background and purpose: Vegetables are among the valuable foods. However, in addition to essential elements, they may contain toxins in excess of permissible concentrations, which has raised many concerns about the quality and safety of these products and human health. Therefore, the present study was ...
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Background and purpose: Vegetables are among the valuable foods. However, in addition to essential elements, they may contain toxins in excess of permissible concentrations, which has raised many concerns about the quality and safety of these products and human health. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of atmospheric pollutants of carbon dioxide, gasoline and acid rain on the resistance of basil and parsley.Materials and Methods: This factorial study was performed based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications and 54 treatments . In this study, CO2 with three concentrations of 0, 1000 and, 1800 ppm, gasoline with three conditions without adding gasoline, with ordinary gasoline and with the addition of super gasoline, and acidic solution at two levels of pH 4 and 6 were studied. It should be noted that distilled water with pH = 7 was selected as a control treatment.Results: The results showed that the concentration of 1000 ppm carbon dioxide increased plant yield by 178.63%, while its concentration up to 1800 ppm, led to the destruction of the plant in two days. It was also found that super gasoline due to the high-octane number and supplements in it has a less polluting effect (5.7%) on the plant than regular gasoline. In addition, no significant difference was observed between different concentrations of acidic solution on plant resistance. In this experiment, parsley showed more resistance to contaminants than basil.Conclusion: carbon dioxide than other pollutants and also its key role in global warming, we need effective management to promote public health and control the production sources of this gas in the atmosphere.
Masoomeh Amerian
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Considering the importance of okra consumption, controlling of heavy elements’ concentration nitrate in foodstuffs is important to ensure the safety of an individual’s health. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of studying the concentration of heavy ...
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Background and Purpose: Considering the importance of okra consumption, controlling of heavy elements’ concentration nitrate in foodstuffs is important to ensure the safety of an individual’s health. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of studying the concentration of heavy metals and nitrates in greenhouse okra one of the greenhouses in Kermanshah county.Materials and Methods: Sampling was done from the okra greenhouse of Kermanshah county in three stages with a time interval of 2 weeks and with a total of 9 samples. The concentrations of heavy metals were evaluated with an atomic absorption spectrometer. To evaluate the risk of consuming vegetables for human health, the health risk index (HRI) of non-cancerous diseases was used.Results: A significant difference was observed between the three harvest dates of okra with nickel, copper, zinc, iron, cadmium, lead and nitrate, and with the increase in the growth rate of the plant and the number of harvests, the concentration of studied heavy metals and nitrate decreased. The highest amount of nickel (1.386 mgkg-1), copper (16.393 mgkg-1), zinc (54.500 mgkg-1), lead (1.880 mgkg-1), iron (105.887 mgkg-1), cadmium (0.0710 mgkg-1) and nitrate (31.000 mgkg-1) were observed in the first harvest. The concentration of all studied heavy metals, except lead, was lower than the WHO standard. HRI for non-cancerous diseases was less than one for the studied metals and nitrate. As a result, consumption of greenhouse okra in the greenhouse of Kermanshah county does not pose a problem for human healthConclusions: There is no concern about the non-carcinogenic diseases and carcinogenic risk of consuming heavy metals in okra. Therefore, for optimal management and prevention of further pollution, it is recommended to study the origin and determine the amounts of heavy metals for their potential contamination of foodstuffs from the region’s soil, water, and dust.
Hosein Aalidadi; Zahra Karimi; Aliakbar Dehghan; Hamed Mohammadi; Maryam Paydar
Abstract
Background and Purpose : Heavy metals are among the most critical contaminants in drinking water, owing to their stability and accumulation capability in living tissues and the food chain. Consequently, this study was conducted to determine the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment indices ...
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Background and Purpose : Heavy metals are among the most critical contaminants in drinking water, owing to their stability and accumulation capability in living tissues and the food chain. Consequently, this study was conducted to determine the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment indices for heavy metals in the water sources of Torbat-e Jam City in 2023.Materials and Methods : Samples were collected from 16 groundwater sources and the surrounding soil of Torbat-e Jam City during the summer and autumn of 2023. Concentrations of five heavy metals - arsenic, mercury, lead, cadmium, and copper - were measured using a Varian atomic absorption spectrometer. Finally, the health risk levels for three different groups were calculated using indices provided by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of the United States.Results: The average concentrations of heavy metals in water during summer were as follows: arsenic: 0.0027 ± 0.0035 mg/L, mercury: 0.00019 ± 0.00035 mg/L, lead: 0.0011 ± 0.0023 mg/L, cadmium: 0.0002 ± 0.0002 mg/L, and copper: 0.0046 ± 0.0078 mg/L. In autumn, the concentrations were arsenic: 0.0082 ± 0.0081 mg/L, mercury: 0.0018 ± 0.0008 mg/L, lead: 0.0056 ± 0.0058 mg/L, cadmium: 0.00084 ± 0.00083 mg/L, and copper: 0.0091 ± 0.0068 mg/L. In soil, the concentrations were arsenic: 0.011 ± 0.053 mg/L, mercury: 0.0086 ± 0.0068 mg/L, lead: 0.131 ± 0.186 mg/L, cadmium: 0.0002 ± 0.00047 mg/L, and copper: 0.12 ± 0.24 mg/L. The study found the non-carcinogenic risk levels of the examined heavy metals to be low. However, the carcinogenic risk level for arsenic was very high in both seasons, for cadmium was moderate in autumn, and for the other elements, it was within the standard limits.Conclusion : Given the high carcinogenic risk of arsenic for women, men, and children in both summer and autumn, continuous monitoring of arsenic levels should be a priority for regulatory agencies.
Alireza Ranaee; Mahdi Mokhtari; Hosein Alidadi; Mohammad Hasan Ehrampoush
Abstract
Background and objective: Mushroom cultivation has recently been developing in Iran with a production level of 90 tons per year.Approximately 5 kg of waste is generated by producing one kilogram of button mushrooms.These wastes could be refined by using vermicompost technology converting them into valuable ...
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Background and objective: Mushroom cultivation has recently been developing in Iran with a production level of 90 tons per year.Approximately 5 kg of waste is generated by producing one kilogram of button mushrooms.These wastes could be refined by using vermicompost technology converting them into valuable organic fertilizers to replace chemical fertilizers as a way to achieve sustainability. This study aimed toconvert button mushroom production wastes into manure and investigate the chemical properties and quality of this fertilizer. Methods: Such wastes as rotten mushrooms, spent mushroom compost (SMC) and peat are generated during the cultivation process of button mushrooms in large quantities. In this study, SMC was vermicomposted in an optimized process of treatment with wood chips, rotten mushrooms, carrot scum and leaves. Quantitative and qualitative indicators and their changes were investigated during six weeks. The obtained results were compared with the National Standards of Vermicompost (No. 13724) and the overall quality was determined in the final product. We used the SPSS software and Pearson’s correlation coefficient at the significance level of 0.05 in order to examine the correlation between the inorganic materialsand changes in other parameters. In addition, Linear Regression Analysis was used to determine the relationship between the studied variables. Results: The results of this study indicated that the Total Organic Carbon (TOC), potassium and total nitrogen in all the treatments increased with time. However, pH and electrical conductivity (EC) levels declined during the vermicomposting process. Furthermore, a significant increase was observed in the C/N ratio in all the treatments by the end of the six‐week period. Therefore, all the fertilizers were classified as Grade one. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, vermicompost process could enhance the indicators of organic fertilizers derived from vermicompost beds. Thus, this method could be suitable for the wastemanagement of button mushroom production in order to achieve a sustainable agriculture. Paper Type: Research Article
Ahmad Reza Yazdanbakhsh; Anoushiravan Mohseni bandpei; Abotaleb Bay; Mahdi Sadeghi
Abstract
Background and Aims: Swimming pools and Jacuzzis as sports and recreational centers are used by many people in different ages and classes. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between physicochemical characteristics and microbial contamination in Jacuzzi water and swimming pools ...
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Background and Aims: Swimming pools and Jacuzzis as sports and recreational centers are used by many people in different ages and classes. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between physicochemical characteristics and microbial contamination in Jacuzzi water and swimming pools in Golestan province. Materials and Methods: In the present cross-sectional study with descriptive-analytic approach, eight indoor swimming pool and Jacuzzi were chosen to be investigated in the Golestan province. Biological (Total coliform, E.coli, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas) and physiochemical parameters (temperature, pH, turbidity, free chlorine residual) were performed according to standard methods. Results: The obtained results showed a significant and positive correlation between turbidity and Pseudomonas in swimming pools (p=0.017). However, no significant relationship was observed between turbidity and other microorganisms. Also, it was revealed that there was a significant and positive correlation between total coliforms and fecal streptococci in the Jacuzzis . Beside an inverse relationship was found btween the free residual chlorine and indicator organisms. Conclusions:There is a high dispersion between microbial contamination and physicochemical variables in pools and Jacuzzis. In other wordو pools and Jacuzzis are very clean on some days and on some others, they are too polluted from the aspect of microorganisms’ presence and turbidity.. This indicates that there is no appropriate operation for pools and Jacuzzis in proportion of swimmer numbers and disinfection rate.
Ismael Javadi; Yosef Mohammadian; Behzad heybati; Sima Elyasi
Abstract
Background and Aims: ٌWith increasing the number of motor vehicles that causes increasing the fuel production and sale, the ambient air quality has been worse. BTEX is one group of the important pollutants that release from gasoline and its burning. The aim of this study is evaluation of BTEX level ...
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Background and Aims: ٌWith increasing the number of motor vehicles that causes increasing the fuel production and sale, the ambient air quality has been worse. BTEX is one group of the important pollutants that release from gasoline and its burning. The aim of this study is evaluation of BTEX level in refueling station ambient air. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the air samples were taken from 24 workers’ breathing zones in 12 gasoline and CNG refueling stations. Samples were analyzed according to NIOSH1501 method and using GC-FID technique. SPSS-v.16 is used to analyze data with t-test and Linear Regression (p<0.05). Result: The mean concentration of benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene and xylene in gasoline stations was 1787±327, 914±141, 973.4±183 µg/m3 and 476.1±123 respectively, and about CNG stations, there were 1142/9±863, 507.6±458, 694.9±514 and 296±245.6 µg/m3, in that order. The CNG station’s workers, who exposed to benzene, have cancer risk about 15.8×10-6 and the highest HQ index was related to xylene (i.e. 8.656). The cancer risk of gasoline station workers and HQ index were 21.6×10-6 and 16.19 respectively. Conclusion: Gasoline stations had the highest concentration of benzene that exceeded the OEL-TWA. Cancer and non-cancer risk is in high levels that require decisions to control the condition. Improvement of fuel quality, implementation of vapor recovery systems, smarting the refuel instruments, utilization of plants for purification of BTEX and using of personal protective equipment are our recommendation for improvement of condition.
Sanaz Esmaeilizadeh; Hasan Taghipour
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Various factors are involved in proper waste management. One of the most important and effective components is the scientific and specialized capability of experts and managers working in the waste management field. This research was conducted to investigate the education level ...
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Background and Purpose: Various factors are involved in proper waste management. One of the most important and effective components is the scientific and specialized capability of experts and managers working in the waste management field. This research was conducted to investigate the education level and specialty of managers and experts of waste management in cities of Iran. Materials and Methods: In order to conduct this research, a special checklist was developed and sent to waste management organizations in 31 provinces of Iran in an official letter. Data were collected from 15 waste management organizations of different provinces of Iran and they were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: The research results revealed that there are about 29 unrelated fields of education, 6 semi-related fields of education, and 2 completely related fields of education) including environmental health engineering and environmental engineering( at various positions in waste management organizations. Only 8.14% of managers and experts had a specialty in completely related fields of study and 33.22% of them were graduates of semi-related fields of study and 58.64% of them graduates of completely unrelated fields of study, working in waste management organizations in the studied provinces. Conclusion: Based on the research results and also Clause 28 of Waste Management Legislation, reviewing and modifying the process of personnel recruitment and using managers and experts with a relevant specialty in waste management organizations as one of the most effective factors in enhancing the current undesirable condition of waste management seems to be essential.
Rayhaneh Shahmohammadi; Tayebeh Rasolevandi; Hossein Azarpira
Abstract
Abstract Background and Aim: Healthy food and nutrition play a key role in overcoming COVID-19 and achieving sustainable development. In most low- and middle-income countries, small companies, especially traditional food suppliers, have a fundamental role in the food supply chain, resulting in food and ...
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Abstract Background and Aim: Healthy food and nutrition play a key role in overcoming COVID-19 and achieving sustainable development. In most low- and middle-income countries, small companies, especially traditional food suppliers, have a fundamental role in the food supply chain, resulting in food and nutrition security. Materials and Methods: A checklist with 113 questions was designed including 57 questions on the conditions of COVID-19 derived from the second step guideline of fighting COVID-19 and 56 questions derived from regulation 111/920318. The total number of bakeries was 158 and the answers to the questions were recorded and analyzed as yes, no and not applicable. Results: In this study, based on the results obtained from the analysis of checklists, compliance of health status of different types of bakeries with regulations 111/920318 in Sangak, Barbari, Taftoon, Lavash and Baget (Nan Fantezie) bakeries, was 73%, 79%, 87%, 76%, and 81% respectively Also, the percentage of compliance to the second step of the fight against Covid 19, was 65%, 71%, 69%, 73%, and 84%, respectively, and the compliance of the health status with final checklist in these bakeries was 69%, 75%, 78%, 74.5%, and 82.5%, respectively. Conclusion: Health education and equipment hygiene were the least desirable in Sangak bakeries, food hygiene and health education were the least desirable in Barbari bakeries, food hygiene and health education were the least desirable in Taftoon bakeries, and in Lavash bakeries personal hygiene, food hygiene, and health education were least desirable. In Baget (Nan Fantezie) bakeries, the health conditions were significantly better than in traditional bakeries. Keywords: COVID-19; Pandemic; Checklist; Bakery; Health
Fahimeh Ranjbar; Hojjat Allah Jafarian; Mohammad Gholizadeh; Mohammad Harsij
Abstract
Background and Objective: In recent years, the construction of fish farms on the margins of the Mohammadabad Katoul River has increased significantly. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the effluents of these fields on some of the river water quality factors. Materials and Methods: ...
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Background and Objective: In recent years, the construction of fish farms on the margins of the Mohammadabad Katoul River has increased significantly. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the effluents of these fields on some of the river water quality factors. Materials and Methods: In this study, five sampling stations of 3 rainbow trout ponds were selected for seasonal water sampling in 1396 seasonally with 3 replications, 12 water quality parameters including dissolved oxygen, fecal coliform, pH, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, temperature, organic phosphate, nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity. Then, fixed effects of data were analyzed using significant test and water quality was evaluated according to IRWQISC. Results: The results show that the water of Mohammadabad Katoul basin is of medium to relatively good quality. The best water quality in autumn with numerical value of 70.5 and the worst water quality in summer with numerical value of 43.3. The reasons for the relatively poor water quality in summer can be attributed to the high activity of the effluent from the fish ponds, such as reduced river discharge, as well as increased recreational activities in the river, agricultural effluents, rural wastewater discharge, and high livestock density. Area noted. Conclusion: In all seasons, water quality was higher than that of other stations during station 1 sampling prior to fish farming. According to the obtained index, it can be generally concluded that river water quality is suitable due to aquaculture activities.
Mehran Malek Roveshti; Zahra Gelichi; Somaye Barzanouni; Maryam Feyz Arefi; Javad Hosseini; Mohsen Poursadeghiyan
Abstract
Introduction and aim: Nowadays, the coronavirus disease (Covid-19) outbreak has become a special and important problem in human societies. Unfortunately, this disease has led to extensive damage and injuries. This study aimed to investigate and compare the feedback obtained from the level of preventive ...
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Introduction and aim: Nowadays, the coronavirus disease (Covid-19) outbreak has become a special and important problem in human societies. Unfortunately, this disease has led to extensive damage and injuries. This study aimed to investigate and compare the feedback obtained from the level of preventive behaviors of Iranians from getting Covid-19 in 1399 and 1400.Methods: In the present descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 744 participants in the years 1399 and 1400 were included in the study by available sampling method. The data collection tool was an electronic questionnaire that was made available to users via the Internet. To describe the quantitative data, the findings were expressed as Mean ± SD, and frequency was used to describe the qualitative data. Data were recorded and analyzed using Excel software version 2016.Results: In this study, individuals stated that in 1400, they observed personal and public health to an average (18%) and less (21%). But in the study of 1399, the rate of people who have observed moderate and less personal and public health has been about 8% and 13%, respectively. Also, the number of referrals to the bank in 1400 compared to 1399 has increased significantly. In general, observance of other preventive behaviors such as observing social distance, regular washing of hands, and not holding parties and ceremonies has decreased compared to 1399.Conclusion: The results of the research findings can provide useful information for formulating policies and guidelines of the Iranian health system to show the state of preventive behavior of the general public. In general, the study indicates that people in the community in 1400 have followed the health instructions to a lesser extent than in 1399. It can be said that this important issue is rooted in people facing environmental stressors, long-term anxiety, and indifference to emerging phenomena.