Ghasem Ranjbar; Ali Asghar Najafpoor; Ali Akbar Dehghan
Abstract
Background and Objective: The main and most important way for heavy metals to enter human body is eating food. Given that vegetables are among main food sources. For this purpose, in this study heavy metals concentrations (lead, cadmium, Arsenic and mercury) in water and wastewater used, soil and vegetables ...
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Background and Objective: The main and most important way for heavy metals to enter human body is eating food. Given that vegetables are among main food sources. For this purpose, in this study heavy metals concentrations (lead, cadmium, Arsenic and mercury) in water and wastewater used, soil and vegetables of Kashafrood margin River farms are investigated. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 54 samples of three vegetable types and 18 water and wastewater samples and 18 soil samples were taken from three farms (one control and two case farms) in two consecutive months. The case farms were selected in Kashafrood River vicinity, where flow treatment plants municipal sewage and wastewater in Mashhad city. After preparation, samples acid digestion action was performed according to standard methods (3030 F Standard Method for water and vegetables – 3050 B EPA for soil). Atomic absorption device (spectrometry) was used to determine the concentration of heavy metals in samples and SPSS and Excel software were used to analyze the data. Finally, the information obtained was compared with national and international standards. Results: The mean concentrations of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury) in water, soil and vegetable samples were different and varied in time and place. Among the selected vegetables, dill samples, among farms, farm 2 and among months June illustrated most polluted one, and of the heavy metals in the samples, lead had highest concentrations. Conclusion: Heavy metal concentrations in soil and water samples were within national and international standard range, while concentrations of these metals in some vegetable samples exceeded national and international levels, which may be due to other factors, however, the use of standard effluent for agricultural irrigation requires control measures and the performance of relevant machinery duties. Keywords: Vegetables, Kashafrood, Heavy Metals
Eslam Nazari; Aslan Egdernezhad; Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh
Abstract
Background and Aim: Monitoring water quality is so important so as to decide about using them. So, this research was conducted to evaluate Khuzitan’s river water quality. Materials and Methods: The rivers were studied consist of Dez, Karkheh, Maroon, Karoon and Zohreh. Data collecting was applied ...
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Background and Aim: Monitoring water quality is so important so as to decide about using them. So, this research was conducted to evaluate Khuzitan’s river water quality. Materials and Methods: The rivers were studied consist of Dez, Karkheh, Maroon, Karoon and Zohreh. Data collecting was applied during 2018 for each river from specified stations. So, water quality standard of Iran, WHO and Canadian council of ministers of the environment, and Shoeller diagram and Wilcox diagram were used. In addition, IRWQIsc and NSFWQI standards were used to categorize river water quality. Results: The results showed that Dez water was industrially corrosive, while other rivers had sedimentary water for industrial use. The water quality of Dez was better than other rivers in Khuzestan province, but this river also had high magnesium, hardness and chlorine based on the Shoeller diagram. The quality of this river was better for agricultural purposes rather than the others. Karun River was moderately better than other rivers, and water quality is better upstream than downstream. According to IRWQIsc index, the water quality variations of Dez, Karkheh, Karoon, Maroon and Zohreh were 71-83, 41-52, 39-55, 33-41 and 25-32, respectively. The results of NSFWQI index for Dez, Karkheh, Karoon, Maroon and Zohreh rivers showed that the values of these rivers varied between 65-77, 55-70, 58-68, 52-60 and 36-48, respectively. Conclusion: Thus Dez River was in relatively good condition. Karoon and Karkheh rivers were in moderate condition and other rivers were in relatively poor condition. According to all indices, water quality of Zohreh River was in poor condition and Dez River was in good condition. Other rivers had medium quality.
Tahereh Zarei Mahmoudabadi; Behrooz Behnejad; Pirooz Pasdar; Saeed Amooee; Baktash Behnejad
Abstract
Background & objectives: Build wastewater treatment plants alone will not resolve environmental concerns. But, for achieve optimal environmental standards, the performance of the treatment plants must be constantly monitored and evaluated. The purpose of this study was to feasibility of reuse of ...
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Background & objectives: Build wastewater treatment plants alone will not resolve environmental concerns. But, for achieve optimal environmental standards, the performance of the treatment plants must be constantly monitored and evaluated. The purpose of this study was to feasibility of reuse of output effluent wastewater treatment plant of Ardakan. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. During a 6-month period from April 2019 to September 2019, 48 input and output samples were collected. The parameters studied included COD, BOD5, TSS, total coliform and fecal coliform. Which were measured according to the methods outlined in the Standard Method Book for Water and Wastewater Testing. Finally, the results were analyzed by statistical tests. Results: The results showed that, the mean COD, BOD5, TSS, Fecal coliform and Total coliform at the output were 14.36, 4.56, 2.6 mg/L, 41 MPN/100 mL and 11.2 MPN/100 mL, respectively. Also removal efficiency for COD, BOD5 and TSS, total coliform and fecal coliform were 96.27, 96.81, 98.84, 99.99 and 99.99 Percentage, respectively. Conclusions: The results showed that wastewater treatment plant Ardakan resulted in a significant reduction of organic matter and microbial contamination and was in good condition. And complies with standards in the reuse of wastewater for agricultural use, discharge into surface water and discharge to sorbent wells. Document Type: Research article
Keyvan Shayeste; Gity Behboody
Abstract
Background and purpose: Heavy metals are one of the stable pollutants that do not decompose in nature and can import into the environment by sewage or wastewater of various industries. Usually, small quantities of these metals are required for the normal function of the body. But the excessive entrance ...
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Background and purpose: Heavy metals are one of the stable pollutants that do not decompose in nature and can import into the environment by sewage or wastewater of various industries. Usually, small quantities of these metals are required for the normal function of the body. But the excessive entrance of them into the body will cause poisoning. The purpose of this research is a review of various methods for the removal of heavy metals in the form of physical, chemical, and biological methods. Materials and Methods: In this paper, after searching related articles in the period 2014-2019 in databases such as Springer،Science direct، Scopus، Free paper, and John Wiley, presented references in this text were investigated to, obtain the latest finding on heavy metals removal methods. Results: Studies show that heavy metals can affect human health, so the removal of heavy metals is essential and various methods for the removal of heavy metals in the form of physical, chemical, and biological methods including membrane methods, chemical precipitation, electrochemical purification, ion exchange, adsorption, and bioremediation are used. Conclusion: The results of studies showed that heavy metals have destructive effects and it is necessary to remove and purify these metals from water and soil. The advantages and disadvantages of heavy metal removal methods make it easy to choose the right method in terms of cost and access to technical knowledge.
Iman Shahidi Kaviani; Parvaneh Paykanpoufard
Abstract
Background and purpose: Population growth leads to the expansion of industries and improper management of industries leads to land pollution and irreparable damage to nature and living organisms. Therefore, studying the role of industrial centers in environmental pollution, including soil, is one of ...
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Background and purpose: Population growth leads to the expansion of industries and improper management of industries leads to land pollution and irreparable damage to nature and living organisms. Therefore, studying the role of industrial centers in environmental pollution, including soil, is one of the most important measures in the field of pollution control. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rate of surface soil contamination with heavy metals exposed to the oil industry. Materials and methods: In this study, to measure the rate of heavy metals, a total of 15 soil samples were taken from 5 stations with 3 replications and from depth of 0-30 cm. Heavy element measurements were performed by induction coupled plasma spectroscopy. Results: Based on the results the average amount of Cadmium, Lead and Copper in the soil were 2.40 ± 1, 8.89 ± 5.91 and 55.83 ± 52.88 mg / kg respectively. Conclusion: The average values of Cadmium and Copper were higher and the average values of lead were lower than the global average. Also, due to the high degree of toxicity of Cadmium, the highest risk of soil contamination can be attributed to Cadmium. The measurement of pollution of each of the three elements and for five sampling stations showed that the soil of the oil region was more polluted than Cadmium than the other two elements and the oil industry was more effective in Cadmium pollution than other elements. By measurement and comparison, the rate of soil pollution indices in the sampled zones, it showed that, as expected, the soil of the processing areas and the well head zones had more severe pollution than other areas and adopted more strict environmental control measures are essential on these areas.
Shahram Sadeghi; Behzad Shahmoradi; Nammam Ali Azadi; Kazhal Karami; Mona Ghaslani; Mona Karami Cheshmeh Zangi; Bayan Hossienzadeh
Abstract
Background and Aim: One of the main resources of methane emissions is waste disposal buried in landfill sites. To control the negative effects of methane emission on Ozone layer known as greenhouse effect, the routine is to capture methane and use it as an energy resource. The objective of this study ...
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Background and Aim: One of the main resources of methane emissions is waste disposal buried in landfill sites. To control the negative effects of methane emission on Ozone layer known as greenhouse effect, the routine is to capture methane and use it as an energy resource. The objective of this study was to assess the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the Saqqez municipal solid wastes and to estimate the potential methane gas emission from the city’s landfills using LandGEM software over 2015-2034. Materials and methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, the amount of solid wastes, the population of Saqqez city, and the characteristics of municipal solid waste landfills were used to estimate the methane gas emission using LandGEM software. Initial population and the population growth of Saqqez were obtained from the last census of 2012. Results: The amount of annual waste was 62050 tons with methane emissions of 32m3/h in 2016. It is estimated that this amount to increase to 108805 tons with methane emissions of 2203m3/h in 2034. Conclusion: In summary, the results of this study can assist city managers to prepare the appropriate actions to control and manage methane emissions to reduce its negative effects especially on environment.
Rasoul Alinezhad; Mehdi Yousefi; Hossein Ebrahimipour; Ali Taghipour; Amin Mohammadi
Abstract
Background and purpose: One of the most important relations between reducing organizational costs and maintaining the quality of services provided is the use of appropriate models for managing staff performance; Using these models can increase employee productivity. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate ...
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Background and purpose: One of the most important relations between reducing organizational costs and maintaining the quality of services provided is the use of appropriate models for managing staff performance; Using these models can increase employee productivity. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the volume of environmental health activities in health centers. Materials and methods: This study was a descriptive and applied study that was done in both quantitative and qualitative dimensions. The pilot design of the model was carried out at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Every 10 minutes was considered a unit of work. Results: 51 fields of activity were identified in the field of environmental health activities. The total number of units in the field of environmental health was calculated to be 1019 units. Out of the identified activities, the most frequent repetitions were conduct inspection and recorded in the system, followed by daily chlorometry with 100 and 84 repetitions, respectively. Conclusion: Personnel in any organization need a decisive mechanism to reduce inequality and a model of value for the amount of work that one does to improve productivity, increase efficiency, work motivation, and reduce inappropriate psychological stimuli in the workplace. This will be achieved using models such as the model presented in this study.
Maryam Sarkhosh; Ali Asghar Najafpoor; Mona Tabriziazad
Abstract
Treatment of Fresh Leachate From Municipal Solid Waste This study aimed at the examination of the efficiency of roughing filter in nitrate and chemical oxygen demand removal (COD), obtained in the fresh leachate from municipal solid waste landfill. Sampling was done in 3 rates 0.5m/h, 1m/h and 1.5 m/h, ...
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Treatment of Fresh Leachate From Municipal Solid Waste This study aimed at the examination of the efficiency of roughing filter in nitrate and chemical oxygen demand removal (COD), obtained in the fresh leachate from municipal solid waste landfill. Sampling was done in 3 rates 0.5m/h, 1m/h and 1.5 m/h, including simultaneous sampling from input and output filtering, to determine the concentration of nitrate and COD. The average efficiency of COD removal in filtration rates of 0.5 m/h, 1 m/h and 1.5 m/h was equal to 84, 88 and 85 % respectively. The average removal efficiency of nitrate in filtration rates of 0.5 m/h, 1 m/h and 1.5 m/h was equal to 88, 88 and 85 % respectively. Output values of COD and nitrate were lower than the environmental organization standard (p < 0.05). Based on the results of this study, the nitrate removal with a roughing filter was better than that obtained with COD. Keywords: Roughing Filter, Nitrate, Chemical Oxygen Demand,