Samira Rahnama; Ali Shahidi
Abstract
Abstract Background and purpose: Surface water, especially rivers, are one of the most important water resources that play an important role to supply water requirements of different activities. and we able to make decisions about their application with their quality monitoring. This study was done to ...
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Abstract Background and purpose: Surface water, especially rivers, are one of the most important water resources that play an important role to supply water requirements of different activities. and we able to make decisions about their application with their quality monitoring. This study was done to evaluate the southern branches of Haleil Rood River quality using Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI) and Aquachem software. Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study, water quality parameters were used in three stations in the southern shaft of the Haleil Rood river (Hossein-Abad, Konarueyeh and Kahang-Sheibani) from 1996 to 2016. To determine the water quality of the river and determine the type and characteristics was used of the water quality index CWQI and Aquachem software Results: The results showed that water qualitative conditions in the two stations of Konarueyeh and Kahang-Sheibani are in high rank in different types of use. Hossein-Abad Station is in good condition for drinking and in terms of aquaculture in the border range and rank high for recreational activities, irrigation and livestock. Also, the analysis of the graphs obtained from Aquachem software showed that the river water of the Hossein-Abad station was in good order and the two another stations are in excellent condition. Conclusion: The cross sectional study of the chemical quality of the Haleil Rood river shows that the water river from the upstream to downstream is in excellent condition for drinking water. For agriculture, it is also within the range of high quality water. Based on the Piper diagram, the chemical quality of the river water is at the three stations studied, Sodium-Chloride. In addition based on the results, it is expected to be provided valuable information in connection with the use of water bodies by the local people of the study region.
Javad Torkashvand; Mahdi Farzadkia; Ahmad Jonidi Jafari; Mohsen Heidari; Ahmad Ghalkhanbaz
Abstract
Background and Aims: There are various methods for the disinfection of infectious wastes which are of great importance due to their potential health and environmental risks and there are different insights about their management in Iran. Hence, the aim of this study was to survey the various aspects ...
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Background and Aims: There are various methods for the disinfection of infectious wastes which are of great importance due to their potential health and environmental risks and there are different insights about their management in Iran. Hence, the aim of this study was to survey the various aspects of disinfection methods of infectious waste on the basis of environmental health specialist insights. Material and Methods: For performing this study, a questionnaire was prepared and the opinions of the specialists were gathered about five disinfection and disposal methods of infectious wastes, and finally the data were analyzed. Moreover, the preferences of the specialists for selecting each method were also asked based on 9 various aspects. Results: It was found that health issues received the highest priority (with 26% of desirability) from the specialists in selecting the method, while the lowest priority was assigned for financial issues (with 8% of desirability) and political acceptability (with 6% of desirability). Environmental health specialists believed that autoclaving and waste incinerating with 77.8% and 44.1% of desirability, respectively, are the most favorable and undesirable methods for disinfecting the infectious wastes. The results showed that the disinfection is a top priority for the specialists, and, with respect to current situation, they did not make any significant difference between on-site and ex-situ disinfecting methods, which is reflected in the scores of 3.65 and 3.72 for these two scenarios. Conclusion: Overall, health aspects have the most important priority in the management of infectious wastes. Therefore, autoclaving and microwaving are the most appropriate methods for the disinfection of such wastes. Landfilling and incineration were not suggested for the disposal or treatment of infectious wastes.
Anis Jahantigh; Hossien Kamani; Elham Norabadi; Edris Bazrafshan; Fateme Sancholi; Ali Meshkinian
Abstract
Abstract Backgroundandpurpose:Chlorophenols are one of the toxic compounds in the industries that are resistant to biodegradation and they last a long time in environment. Therefore, it is necessary to eliminate them and prevent pollution of the receiving waters. The aim of this study was evaluation ...
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Abstract Backgroundandpurpose:Chlorophenols are one of the toxic compounds in the industries that are resistant to biodegradation and they last a long time in environment. Therefore, it is necessary to eliminate them and prevent pollution of the receiving waters. The aim of this study was evaluation of ZnO nano-particles for removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol from aqueous solution based on the response surface methodology (RSM) model. Materials and methods: Effect of independent variables including pH, catalyst dose, contact time and the initial concentration of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on response variable (removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenolfrom) were evaluated based on the response surface methodology (box-behnken method). In this study, all experiments were carried out in a batch reactor containing ZnO nano-particles under 15 Watt UV lamp Results:The results showed that the best conditions for the removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenolwere achieved at pH= 3,nano-particle concentration 0.4g/l, reaction time and74.72 min and initial concentration of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol50 mg/l contact time (95.85% removal efficiency). Results: The results showed that the best conditions for removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol were achieved at pH=3, nano-particle concentration 0.4g/l, reaction time 74.72 min, initial concentration of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol 50 mg/l (95.85% removal efficiency). Conclusion: The results showed that photocatalytic process was accelerated in the presence of ZnO nano-particle and enhanced removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol.
Hassan Malvandi; Nasrin Hassanzadeh
Abstract
Background and purpose: Evaluation of concentration and degree of heavy metal contamination in rivers based on sediment contamination indices is one of the important issues in ecotoxicology research. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to measure the heavy metal concentrations in the sediments of ...
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Background and purpose: Evaluation of concentration and degree of heavy metal contamination in rivers based on sediment contamination indices is one of the important issues in ecotoxicology research. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to measure the heavy metal concentrations in the sediments of the Siahrood River and to assess the health risk of these pollutants. Another purpose was to determine the status of the river in terms of contamination and non-contamination for ecotoxicology studies. Materials and Methods: Acid digestion method was used to prepare the samples. Then the concentrations of Cr, Fe, Zn, As, Se, Ni, Co, Al and Mn were measured using ICP-OES. Pollution and ecological risk indices were also calculated. Results: The mean concentrations of chromium, iron, zinc, arsenic, selenium, nickel, cobalt, aluminum and manganese were 33.02, 7309.82, 42.61, 13.15, 13.36, 12.88, 6.58, 159.28 and 384.51 µg/g dw, respectively. Most of the studied elements were in the first category of pollution assessment indices. Conclusion: The results based on contamination indices and comparison with sediment quality guidelines showed that concentrations of Cr, Se and As are of concern and could potentially be a threat to the health of organisms. For ecotoxicology studies, this river is considered to be relatively contaminated in terms of Cr, Se and As and non-contaminated for other studied elements. However, further studies and monitoring of pollutants in this ecosystem are essential for making proper and effective management decisions.
Mina Mortazavi; Taher Shahryari; Farzaneh Fanaei; Behnam Barikbin
Abstract
Background and purpose: One of the fundamental factors of water quality management plan is being guaranteed the qualitative and quantitative stability of fresh water in water supply systems. Water safety plan is a systematic approach that guarantees the constant supply of drinking water emphasizing the ...
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Background and purpose: One of the fundamental factors of water quality management plan is being guaranteed the qualitative and quantitative stability of fresh water in water supply systems. Water safety plan is a systematic approach that guarantees the constant supply of drinking water emphasizing the prevention of water pollution from catchment to the consumer. Material and methods: WSP-QA TOOL is employed as an instruction in order to assess the safety circumstance and identify vulnerability of water supply system in Torbat Jam; so that the necessary information aligned with WSP approach was provided based on current evidence of water and waste water company and related organization and interviewing experts and then it was analyzed in Excel. Results: The results of this study showed that by obtaining 159 scores of the total score evaluated, only 36.14% of the accordance between the approach in Torbat Jam city water supply system and the approach proposed by the World Health Organization. Among this, the management procedures with 66.67% and the formation of the WSP team with the 10%, has dedicated the highest and lowest amount of the coincided implementation with the plan, respectively. Conclusion: Because of the inadequacy of the conventional water quality control approach, which instead of preventing contamination only detects it, has the potential to cause various contamination in the water supply system, especially through vulnerable system. Therefore, planning to implement and develop a water safety plan as a basic method for reaching the goal of water health.
Leila Ebrahimzadeh
Abstract
Background and Aim: Nowadays, because of several reasons, the incidence of waterborne and foodborne diseases is increasing in the world. Hence, this study was conducted to analyze the data on the prevalence of waterborne and foodborne diseases in Kurdistan province. Materials and Methods: This study ...
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Background and Aim: Nowadays, because of several reasons, the incidence of waterborne and foodborne diseases is increasing in the world. Hence, this study was conducted to analyze the data on the prevalence of waterborne and foodborne diseases in Kurdistan province. Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive analytical study that analyzed the outbreaks reported in Kurdistan province from 2011 to 2017. In this study, Chi-square test was applied to assess the relationships between the sources of the outbreaks (water or food) and the studied variables, including age, sex, cause of disease, region, place of outbreak, time of outbreak, status of drinking water distribution network, and status of chlorination. STSTA software Version 13 was used to perform the statistical analysis. Results: According to the results of this study, of a total of 390 outbreaks reported during the studied period, 90 cases (23.08%) were caused by water, 261 cases (66.92%) were caused by food, and 39 cases (10%) had an unknown source. Concerning the location, of all cases of waterborne outbreaks, 69 cases of outbreaks (76.67%) occurred in rural areas and 21 cases of outbreaks (23.33%) occurred in urban areas. On the other hand, of all cases of foodborne outbreaks, 147 cases of outbreaks (56.32%) occurred in urban areas and 114 cases of outbreaks (43.68%) occurred in rural areas and there was a significant relationship between the outbreak and the location of residence in the city or village (P-value <0.001). Conclusion: Based on the results of this research, observing food hygiene during the preparation and cooking of food and supervising the supply of healthy drinking water have a significant role in reducing the prevalence of waterborne and foodborne outbreaks.
Mohammad Hadi Abolhasani; Niloofar Pirestani; Parinaz Ahmadi
Abstract
Background and Aim: Petroleum products such as crude oil, gasoline and gasoline are the most commonly used in the world, the major pollutants of water. About 10 million tons of oil are burnt annually in the world. Therefore, the development of new technologies for the elimination and purification of ...
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Background and Aim: Petroleum products such as crude oil, gasoline and gasoline are the most commonly used in the world, the major pollutants of water. About 10 million tons of oil are burnt annually in the world. Therefore, the development of new technologies for the elimination and purification of oil pollution is essential. There are several methods for cleaning up oil pollution and its derivatives. In this research, straw and chalk absorber was used as an organic adsorbent to remove diesel oil from wastewater. Materials and method: The straw and chalk were firstly determined using the FT-IR analysis. Then the adsorption experiments were performed discontinuously using diesel oil laboratory solutions. Optimum adsorption conditions were obtained by changing the factors affecting adsorption including pH, initial concentration of contaminant, contact time and adsorbent amount on adsorption at different levels, The oil absorption was determined by weighting method. Ultimately, the use of adsorbent for laboratory wastewater was studied. Results: The highest absorbent efficiency at the time of equilibrium was observed for absorbing oil using straw and chalk absorber in 15 minutes, which did not have a significant difference with other contact times (49.85% absorbance, p < 0.05) and the lowest value was observed without a significant difference in 3 minutes (37.19% absorption). The effect of straw absorbent values in 2 g/L was significantly higher than other amount of adsorbents (51.48% absorption, p < 0.05) and the lowest percentage of adsorption was significantly different from other values in 0.25 And 0.5 grams per liter (38.30%, p < 0.05). The fitting of Isotherm showed that the adsorption of diesel oil by straw and chalk with both Freundwich and Langmuir models were consistent with the high R2 (R2 = 0.99 and R2 = 0.96).