Document Type : Research article
Authors
- Fatemeh Sahraei 1
- Alireza Rahmani 2
- Zahra Aghababaei 3
- Samira Khamutian 4
- Hamid Reza Soheil Arezoomand 5
1 MSc. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
2 2. Professor, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
3 3. Msc Student, Department of Biostatistic, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
4 Ph.D, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
5 5. Ph.D Student, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Contamination of drinking water sources with heavy metals poses significant environmental and public health concerns. This study aimed to assess the non-carcinogenic risk associated with exposure to heavy metals, including chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and zinc (Zn), in the drinking water of Hamadan Province.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted across nine cities in Hamadan Province. Data on heavy metal concentrations in drinking water were obtained from the Vice-Chancellor of Health at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Non-carcinogenic risk was evaluated for two age groups using risk assessment indicators provided by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA).
Results: The mercury hazard index (HI) exceeded that of other metals. The oral hazard quotient (HQoral) was generally higher than the dermal hazard quotient (HQdermal). Overall, the total risk for children (0.35) was higher than for adults (0.1466).
Conclusion: The total non-carcinogenic risk index for all metals in both age groups remained below 1, indicating no significant non-carcinogenic threat to the exposed population.
Open Access Policy: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Keywords
- Rajaei Q, Pourkhabbaz A, HESARI MS. Assessment of heavy metals health risk of groundwater in Ali Abad Katoul Plian. 2012 (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.29252/jnkums.4.2.155
- Demir V, Dere T, Ergin S, Cakır Y, Celik F. Determination and health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water of Tunceli, Turkey. Water resources. 2015;42:508-16. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0097807815040041
- Khodabande S. Accumulation of heavy metals in sediments and fish in Caspian Sea. Journal of Water & Wastewater(In Persian). 2000;29:19-42.
- Shahriyari J, Rezaei MR, Kamani H, SAYADI AMH. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking tap water in Zabol city, Iran. 2020(In Persian).
- Kamari Z, Alipour V, Dindarloo K, Fazlzadeh M, Ghanbarnejad A, Ghaffari HR. Assessing the Risk of Carcinogenesis Caused by Exposure to Heavy Metals Through the Consumption of Drinking Water (A Case Study of Bandar Abbas Drinking Water). Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2022;9 (1):90-101(In Persian).
- Mishra S, Dwivedi SP, Singh R. A review on epigenetic effect of heavy metal carcinogens on human health. The open nutraceuticals journal. 2010;3 (1). https://doi.org/10.2174/18763960010030100188
- Movafaghi Ardestani M, Pardakhti A. Cancer and Non-Cancer Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Ground Gater Resources of Varamin Plain. Journal of Environmental Studies. 2022;46 (3):463-79(In Persian).
- Sadeghi Rad M, Amini G, Shadparvar A, Arshad U, Jooshideh H, Afraz A. Determination of Heavy Metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Hg) caviar and muscle tissue in Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) and Stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) in Southern Caspian Sea. 2002(In Persian).
- Aghayani E, Shekoohiyan S, Behnami A, Abdolahnejad A, Pourakbar M, Haghnazar H, et al. Health risk assessment due to the presence of heavy metals in drinking water resources of Maragheh city. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment. 2023;16 (1):31-52(In Persian).
- Tarviji H, Shekoohiyan S, Moussavi G, Heidari M. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in water consumed by families living in some villages of Mazandaran. 2022(In Persian).
- Scheuhammer A. The chronic toxicity of aluminium, cadmium, mercury, and lead in birds: a review. Environmental Pollution. 1987;46 (4):263-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(87)90173-4 PMid:15092724
- Halimi L, Bagheri N, Hoseini B, Hashtarkhani S, Goshayeshi L, Kiani B. Spatial analysis of colorectal cancer incidence in Hamadan Province, Iran: a retrospective cross-sectional study. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy. 2020;13:293-303(In Persian). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-019-09303-9
- Tohidloo S, Azami M, Ahadnejad Reveshty M. Analysis of Regional Strategies for Agricultural Development in Hamedan Province. Agricultural Extension and Education Research. 2017;9 (4):47-58(In Persian).
- Vidosavljevic M, Puntaric D, Gvozdic V, Vidosavljevic D, Juric D, Begovic L. Assessment of arsenic in hair of the inhabitants of East Croatia-Relationship to arsenic concentrations in drinking water. Water. 2022;14 (10):1558. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14101558
- Abadi M, Zamani A, Parizanganeh A, Khosravi Y, Badiee H. Heavy metals and arsenic content in water along the southern Caspian coasts in Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2018;25:23725-35(In Persian). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2455-7 PMid:29876847
- Means B. Risk-assessment guidance for superfund. Volume 1. Human health evaluation manual. Part A. Interim report (Final). Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (USA). Office of Solid Waste …; 1989.
- Aalidadi H, Karimi Z, Dehghan A, Mohammadi H, Paydar M. Determining the indicators of carcinogenic risk assessment of heavy elements in the water resources of the Torbat-e Jam city in 2022. Journal of Research in Environmental Health. 2024;9 (4):417-27(In Persian).
- Seleem EM, Mostafa A, Mokhtar M, Salman SA. Risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water on the human health, Assiut City, and its environs, Egypt. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 2021;14:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-06784-2
- Liu N, Ni T, Xia J, Dai M, He C, Lu G. Non-carcinogenic risks induced by metals in drinking source water of Jiangsu Province, China. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2011;177:449-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1646-6 PMid:20706795
- Bello S, Nasiru R, Garba N, Adeyemo D. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of heavy metals exposure from Shanono and Bagwai artisanal gold mines, Kano state, Nigeria. Scientific African. 2019;6:e00197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00197
)