Document Type : Research article
Authors
1 Msc, Department in Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University,Tehran, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Background and Purpose: With rapid population growth, particularly in Middle Eastern countries, waste generation is increasing at an unprecedented rate. Relatively primitive techniques and poorly managed integrated waste management centres exacerbate air and water pollution through secondary pollutants. Inadequate occupational health measures expose informal waste workers to various pollutants, injuries, respiratory and skin problems, infections, and other serious health issues.
Materials and Methods: This research is a descriptive and cross-sectional study. Sampling was performed randomly. To examine the variations in environmental pollution parameters (Chemical Oxygen Demand )COD(, Biochemical Oxygen Demand )BOD(, Dissolved Oxygen )DO(, Total Dissolved Solids )TDS(, Nitrogen Dioxide )NO₂(, pH, Sulfur Dioxide )SO₂(, Carbon Monoxide )CO(, Particulate Matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm )PM2.5(, Particulate Matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 µm )PM10(, moisture percentage, carbon, ash, odor) in leachate, air, and waste across seasonal and spatial scales, three designated stations were utilized during the years 2021-2022. The results from the statistical analysis of pollutant distribution were mapped, tabulated, and charted using ArcGIS software with the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation function.
Results: The average concentration of all pollutants, except carbon and ash, was higher within a 0-300-meter radius than other study stations. The highest levels of pollutants in leachate (BOD, COD, TDS), waste characteristics (moisture percentage), and air (SO₂, NO₂) were recorded in winter. The lowest pollution at recycling centres was observed in summer (CO, NO₂). The results indicated ten of the 15 parameters were within permissible limits (66.66%).
Conclusion: Integrated waste management centres play a crucial role in reducing pollution at the initial stages of recycling. Incorporating modern separation technologies could reduce pollution and operational costs while improving the quality of processed materials.
Open Access Policy: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Keywords
- Asees Awan M, Ali Y. Sustainable modeling in reverse logistics strategies using fuzzy MCDM. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal. 2019;30(5):1132-51.
https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-01-2019-0024 - Van Fan Y, Lee CT, Klemeš JJ, Chua LS, Sarmidi MR, Leow CW. Evaluation of Effective Microorganisms on home scale organic waste composting. Journal of Environmental Management. 2018;216:41-8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.04.019
PMid:28427880؛ - Hemidat S, Achouri O, El Fels L, Elagroudy S, Hafidi M, Chaouki B, et al. Solid waste management in the context of a circular economy in the MENA region. Sustainability. 2022;14(1):480.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010480؛ - Minunno R, O'Grady T, Morrison GM, Gruner RL. Exploring environmental benefits of reuse and recycle practices: A circular economy case study of a modular building. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2020;160:104855.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104855؛ - Noor T, Javid A, Hussain A, Bukhari SM, Ali W, Akmal M, et al. Types, sources and management of urban wastes. Urban ecology: Elsevier; 2020. p. 239-63.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820730-7.00014-8؛ - Koval V, Olczak P, Vdovenko N, Boiko O, Matuszewska D, Mikhno I. Ecosystem of environmentally sustainable municipal infrastructure in Ukraine. Sustainability. 2021;13(18):10223.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810223؛ - Chen DM-C, Bodirsky BL, Krueger T, Mishra A, Popp A. The world's growing municipal solid waste: trends and impacts. Environmental Research Letters. 2020;15(7):074021.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab8659؛ - Martinelli N, Olivieri O, Girelli D. Air particulate matter and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review. European journal of internal medicine. 2013;24(4):295-302.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2013.04.001
PMid:23647842؛ - Hamanaka RB, Mutlu GM. Particulate matter air pollution: effects on the cardiovascular system. Frontiers in endocrinology. 2018;9:680.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00680
PMid:30505291 PMCid:PMC6250783؛ - Giovanis E. Relationship between recycling rate and air pollution: Waste management in the state of Massachusetts. Waste Management. 2015;40:192-203.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.03.006
PMid:25827258؛ - Nicoll R. Environmental contaminants and congenital heart defects: a re-evaluation of the evidence. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2018;15(10):2096.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102096
PMid:30257432 PMCid:PMC6210579؛ - Gidarakos E, Basu S, Rajeshwari K, Dimitrakakis E, Johri CR, editors. E-waste recycling environmental contamination: Mandoli, India. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Waste and Resource Management; 2012: ICE Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1680/warm.2012.165.1.45؛ - Kumar A, Wasan P, Luthra S, Dixit G. Development of a framework for selecting a sustainable location of waste electrical and electronic equipment recycling plant in emerging economies. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020;277:122645.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122645؛ - Shahdekar, F., Torabi, Taghi, Rahnama Rudpashti, Fereydoun. Identifying and prioritizing factors affecting the implementation of circular economy in small and medium enterprises (SME). Applied Economics, 11(38), Fall, 1-14, 2021. (Persian). doi: 10.30495/jae.2021.19202.؛
- Santander P, Sanchez FAC, Boudaoud H, Camargo M. Closed loop supply chain network for local and distributed plastic recycling for 3D printing: a MILP-based optimization approach. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2020;154:104531.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104531؛ - Omrani QA, Rezaei Moghadam M, Manouri SM, Nasiri, Parveen. Investigating the environmental aspects of the solid waste transfer station in Tehran (case study of areas 2, 5 and 15). Environment, 2001; 27(28) (Persian).؛
- Omrani QA, Javid AM, Ramzan Ali A. Investigating the location criteria of the waste transfer station in the 22nd area of Tehran metropolis in terms of air and leachate environmental considerations. Environmental Science and Technology. 2012; 14(2) (Series 53): 147-160. (Persian).؛
- Nazem MA, Zare MH, Shirazian S. Preparation and optimization of activated nano-carbon production using physical activation by water steam from agricultural wastes. RSC advances. 2020;10 (3):1463-75.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA07409K
PMid:35494676 PMCid:PMC9047251؛ - Kermani M, Naddafi K, Shariat M, Mesbah A. TSP and PM10Measurement of and description of air quality index (AQI) in the ambient air of Shariati Hospital District. sjsph 2004; 2 (1):37-46 (Persian).؛
- Khani M R, Dadban Shahamat Y, Shahidi Z, Sadeghi moghaddam N, Kor Y. Monitoring and Modeling of the Concentration and Quality Index of Dust Particles in the Air of Gorgan City in 1396. J Health Res Commun 2019; 5 (1):79-94؛
- Cheng S, Gao X, Cao L, Wang Q, Qiao Y. Quantification of total organic carbon in ashes from smoldering combustion of sewage sludge via a thermal treatment-TGA method. ACS omega. 2020 Dec 17;5(51):33445-54.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c05426
PMid:33403306 PMCid:PMC7774278؛ - Schulte E, Hoskins B. Recommended soil organic matter tests. Recommended Soil Testing Procedures for the North Eastern USA Northeastern Regional Publication. 1995;493:52-60.؛
- Wright AF, Bailey JS. Organic carbon, total carbon, and total nitrogen determinations in soils of variable calcium carbonate contents using a Leco CN-2000 dry combustion analyzer. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 2001;32(19-20):3243-58.
https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-120001118؛ - Shamrikova EV, Kondratenok BM, Tumanova EA, Vanchikova EV, Lapteva EM, Zonova TV, Lu-Lyan-Min EI, Davydova AP, Libohova Z, Suvannang N. Transferability between soil organic matter measurement methods for database harmonization. Geoderma. 2022 Apr 15;412:115547.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115547؛ - Ghalbi Ahangari M, Vakili F, Rozbahani A, Sattari A. Measurement of organic carbon in enriched compost obtained from municipal waste. The fifth conference on water, sewage and waste, 2014. (Persian)؛
- Safahiye A. R., Majlesi M., Nabavi M. B, Sawari A, Turki H. R. Quantitative and qualitative investigation of the effluent treatment systems of the oil refining industrial unit and its comparison with international standards. New Process Scientific Journal, 2021; 16(73): 22-36. doi: 10.22034/farayandno.2021.249072؛
- Chobanoglous, J., Krith, F., Practical Guide to Waste Management (Volume II), translators: Khani, Mohammad Reza and colleagues, Publications of Iran's Municipalities and Rural Affairs Organization, 2010. (Persian).؛
- Abdoli MA, Karbassi A, SAMIEE ZR, Rashidi Z, Gitipour S, Pazoki M. Electricity generation from leachate treatment plant. 2012.؛
- Zazouli, M.A., Omrani, Q.A., Hamdi Moghadam, M., Babaei, A.A. Investigating the potential of urban solid waste recycling in Fars province, the third Clean Earth Day conference, waste management and its place in urban planning, Tehran. 2007. (Persian)؛
- Petrochemical Downstream Industries Development Company. Preliminary feasibility studies of plastic waste recovery production plan (PET), Organization of Small Industries and Industrial Towns of Iran, Tehran. 2007. (Persian).؛
- Arabi M, Sbaa M, Vanclooster M, Darmous A. Impact of the municipal solid waste typology on leachate flow under semi-arid climate-a case study. Journal of Ecological Engineering. 2020;21(6).
https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/123250؛ - Jamshidi, A; Sadat, SAM, Raigan Shirazinejad, AR; Rezaei, S.; Moradian, SA. Analysis of the status of waste management in Yasouj city. Armaghan Danesh, Yasouj University of Medical Sciences Research Journal,2021, Volume 62, Number 3, Mardad and Shahrivar. Consecutive number 146. (Persian)؛
- Ashournia, M.; Kayani Sadr, M.; Ghanbari, F; Karimi, M.; Pouraskari, M. Investigating the impact of leachate from the waste burial of Rasht city on the quality of underground water (case study: wells in the Saravan district), Environmental Science Studies,2020, 5th period, 3rd issue, autumn season, 2905-2912. (Persian)؛
- Abiriga D, Vestgarden LS, Klempe H. Groundwater contamination from a municipal landfill: Effect of age, landfill closure, and season on groundwater chemistry. Science of the total environment. 2020 Oct 1;737:140307.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140307
PMid:32783870؛ - Jededian, F; Talaipour, M.; Mahdavi, S.; Homsi, A.H. Investigating the production of thermal energy and activated carbon from furfural waste, forest and wood products, Iranian Natural Resources Magazine, 2016, Volume 69, Number 3, Fall. 571-583؛
- Demirbas A. Biorefineries for biomass upgrading facility. Speringer-verlag, Germany. 2010.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1351-4180(10)70135-5؛ - Ranjbar, M.; Bahak, b. Temporal-spatial changes of air pollutants using GIS (case study, northern half of Tehran), Geography Quarterly, 2019, Volume 17, Number 60, 85-72. (Persian).؛
- Naddafi K, Ehrampoush M, Jafari V, Nabizadeh R, Younesian M. Complete Evaluation of Suspended Air Particles and Their Composition in the Central Area of Yazd City. JSSU 2009; 16 (4):26-32.؛
- Nugraha HA, Ragita P, Kurniawan B, Raihan HS, Aisy YR, Sawitri I, Alverina C, Prasetya BD, Styawan NH, Gunawan AS, Krisanto ET. Anthropogenic PMx air pollution susceptibility using AHP method in Java Island, Indonesia. InE3S Web of Conferences 2023 (Vol. 468, p. 09001). EDP Sciences.
https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346809001؛ - Wang Y, Duan X, Liang T, Wang L, Wang L. Analysis of spatio-temporal distribution characteristics and socioeconomic drivers of urban air quality in China. Chemosphere. 2022 Mar 1;291:132799.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132799
PMid:34774610؛ - Safavi, S.N. Mousavi, M.; Dehghanzadeh Rikhani, R.; Shakri, M. Seasonal and spatial zoning of air quality index and environmental pollutants of Tabriz city according to GIS maps and investigation of existing implementation problems, Salamat Journal, 2016, Volume 7, Number 2, 158-177. (Persian)؛
- Rahimi, A; Behbahani Nia, A; Mansouri, N.A.; Ghatimi, A. Determining air quality index based on suspended particles and its zoning in Tehran metro terminals, Journal of Environmental Sciences Studies, 2019, Volume 4, Number 1, 1160-1168. (Persian)؛
- Luo M, Hou X, Gu Y, Lau NC, Yim SH. Trans-boundary air pollution in a city under various atmospheric conditions. Science of the Total Environment. 2018 Mar 15;618:132-41.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.001
PMid:29127869؛ - AlAnezi K, Al-Samhan M, Belkharchouche M, Abuhaimed W, Alali S, Alenizi K, Alfuraij A. Comparative analysis of produced water collected from different oil gathering centers in Kuwait. Journal of Environmental Protection. 2018 May 31;9(6):736-50.
https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2018.96046؛ - Hossen, M.A.; Hoque, A. Variation of Ambient Air Quality Scenario in Chittagong City: A Case Study of Air Pollution. Preprints 2016, 2016080174. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201608.0174.v1
https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201608.0174.v1؛ - Heidarinejad Z, Kavosi A, Mousapour H, Daryabor MR, Radfard M, Abdolshahi A. Data on evaluation of AQI for different season in Kerman, Iran, 2015. Data in brief. 2018 Oct 1;20:1917-23.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.08.216
PMid:30294644 PMCid:PMC6171083؛ - Khurshid Dost, A.M.; Valizadeh, Kh; Ghasemi Bektash, A. Time-spatial analysis of dangerous pollution in Tabriz city with emphasis on PM10, Natural Geographical Research, 2017, Volume 49, Number 4, 558-602. (Persian).؛
- Abbaspour Tehrani Fard, M.; Javed, A.H.; Saidi, S.The effect of urban parks on the emission of PM10 particles using GIS software., Environmental Science and Technology, 2014, 16 (1), 1-12. (Persian).؛
- Markarian S, Abbasi M, Jalilighazizadeh M. Investigating the effect of aeration on reducing food moisture by biological drying method. Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering. 2022 Feb 20;53(12):5503-16. (Persian).؛
)