Journal of Research in Environmental Health

Journal of Research in Environmental Health

Investigation of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Airborne Particles in District 21 of Tehran

Document Type : Original quantitative and Qualitative Research Article

Authors
Seyed Reza Karimi 1
Nabiollah Mansouri 2
Lobat Taghavi 3
Mazaher Moeinaddini 4
1 Ph.D. Student, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-3857-1971 ORCID
2 Professor, Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran (Correspondence Officer) *
3 Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
4 Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
10.22038/jreh.2022.64378.1504
Abstract
Background and Aim: This study aimed to measure heavy metal concentration in the suspended particles which compare it in five different land uses in district 21 of Tehran.
Materials and Methods: The procedure was performed based on the ASTM D4096 and EPA standards. The sampling was performed using a high-volume pump for 20 minutes. The sampling was done every six days from five stations in district 21 in the spring of 2021. A total of 20 active samples of total airborne particles were collected from the residential, semi-residential, industrial, semi-industrial, and park stations. The airborne particle concentration was analyzed by the gravimetric method, and heavy metals were attached to particles using the ICP-OES. Descriptive tests of SPSS statistical software were used to analyze the data.
Results: The results show that the lowest concentration of TSP is in the residential station with 42.34 µg/m3 and the highest concentration is in the industrial station with 253.30 µg/m3. In all applications except the park station, the aluminum has the highest concentration, and the lithium has the lowest concentration. The average concentration of the heavy metals in district 21 is an increasing trend of Al> Cr> Zn> Fe> Mg> Sr> Ti> W> Pb> Li, respectively.
Conclusion: The heavy metals in the airborne particles of district 21 have a high concentration and diversity. The factors affecting pollution in the study area include the resources, such as the industries, airports, and light vehicles.
 
Keywords
Pollution concentration
Heavy metals in air
Total suspended particles
Tehran city
Sources
  1. Ye S, Zeng G, Wu H, Zhang C, Liang J, Dai J, et al. Co-occurrence and interactions of pollutants, and their impacts on soil remediation—a review. Critical reviews in environmental science and technology. 2017;47(16):1528-53.
  2. Dobaradaran S, Soleimani F, Nabipour I, Saeedi R, Mohammadi MJ. Heavy metal levels of ballast waters in commercial ships entering Bushehr port along the Persian Gulf. Marine pollution bulletin. 2018;126:74-6 (Persian).
  3. Zhang X, Zhang X, Chen X. Happiness in the air: How does a dirty sky affect mental health and subjective well-being? Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 2017;85:81-94.
  4. Zhang X, Chen X, Zhang X. The impact of exposure to air pollution on cognitive performance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2018;115(37):9193-7.
  5. Zhang Y-L, Cao F. Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) in China at a city level. Scientific reports. 2015;5(1):1-12.
  6. Lelieveld J, Evans JS, Fnais M, Giannadaki D, Pozzer A. The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale. Nature. 2015;525(7569):367-71.
  7. Duan J, Tan J. Atmospheric heavy metals and Arsenic in China: Situation, sources and control policies. Atmospheric Environment. 2013;74:93-101.
  8. Mimura T, Ichinose T, Yamagami S, Fujishima H, Kamei Y, Goto M, et al. Airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) and the prevalence of allergic conjunctivitis in Japan. Science of The Total Environment. 2014;487:493-9.
  9. Wang X, Qian Z, Wang X, Hong H, Yang Y, Xu Y, et al. Estimating the acute effects of fine and coarse particle pollution on stroke mortality of in six Chinese subtropical cities. Environmental Pollution. 2018;239:812-7.
  10. Hsu C-Y, Chiang H-C, Chen M-J, Yang T-T, Wu Y-S, Chen Y-C. Impacts of hazardous metals and PAHs in fine and coarse particles with long-range transports in Taipei City. Environmental Pollution. 2019;250:934-43.
  11. Mbengue S, Alleman LY, Flament P. Bioaccessibility of trace elements in fine and ultrafine atmospheric particles in an industrial environment. Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 2015;37(5):875-89.
  12. Kim K-H, Kabir E, Kabir S. A review on the human health impact of airborne particulate matter. Environment International. 2015;74:136-43.
  13. Liu C, Chen R, Sera F, Vicedo-Cabrera AM, Guo Y, Tong S, et al. Ambient Particulate Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in 652 Cities. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019;381(8):705-15.
  14. Cadelis G, Tourres R, Molinie J. Short-term effects of the particulate pollutants contained in Saharan dust on the visits of children to the emergency department due to asthmatic conditions in Guadeloupe (French Archipelago of the Caribbean). PloS one. 2014;9(3):e91136.
  15. Correia AW, Pope III CA, Dockery DW, Wang Y, Ezzati M, Dominici F. The effect of air pollution control on life expectancy in the United States: an analysis of 545 US counties for the period 2000 to 2007. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass). 2013;24(1):23.
  16. Murray CJL, Aravkin AY, Zheng P, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abbasi-Kangevari M, et al. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1223-49.
  17. Tang Z-j, Hu X, Chen Y-j, Qiao J-q, Lian H-z. Assessment of in vitro inhalation bioaccessibility of airborne particle‒bound potentially toxic elements collected using quartz and PTFE filter. Atmospheric Environment. 2019;196:118-24.
  18. Huang C-L, Bao L-J, Luo P, Wang Z-Y, Li S-M, Zeng EY. Potential health risk for residents around a typical e-waste recycling zone via inhalation of size-fractionated particle-bound heavy metals. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2016;317:449-56.
  19. Faraji Ghasemi F, Dobaradaran S, Saeedi R, Nabipour I, Nazmara S, Ranjbar Vakil Abadi D, et al. Levels and ecological and health risk assessment of PM(2.5)-bound heavy metals in the northern part of the Persian Gulf. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020;27(5):5305-13 (Persian).
  20. Sahraei J, Salimi L. Physical and chemical study of suspended particles in Kermanshah. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2020 (Persian).
  21. Epa U. SAMPLING OF AMBIENT AIR FOR TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER (SPM) AND PM10 USING HIGH VOLUME (HV) SAMPLER. Center for Environmental Research Information Office of Research and Development. 1999.
  22. Sheikh Z, Jafar Mousavi Sa, generosity of Jos Mus, Takdestan A. Investigation and measurement of total suspended particles and heavy metals in the air of Ahvaz city and comparison of results with environmental standards. National Conference on Health, Environment, and Sustainable Development: 2010 (Persian).
  23. Hu X, Zhang Y, Ding Z, Wang T, Lian H, Sun Y, et al. Bioaccessibility and health risk of arsenic and heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Mn) in TSP and PM2.5 in Nanjing, China. Atmospheric Environment. 2012;57:146-52.
  24. Khramtsov P, Kalashnikova T, Bochkova M, Kropaneva M, Timganova V, Zamorina S, et al. Measuring the concentration of protein nanoparticles synthesized by desolvation method: Comparison of Bradford assay, BCA assay, hydrolysis/UV spectroscopy and gravimetric analysis. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2021;599:120422.
  25. Naimabadi A, Ghadiri A, Idani E, Babaei A, Alavi N, Shirmardi M, et al. Chemical composition of PM10 and its in vitro toxicological impacts on lung cells during the Middle Eastern Dust (MED) storms in Ahvaz, Iran. Environmental Pollution. 2016;211:316-24 (Persian).
  26. Hosseini G, Teymouri P, Giahi A, Maleki A. Health risk assessment due to heavy metals in airborne particles of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (University Letter). 1394; 25 (132) (Persian).
  27. Shi D, Lu X. Accumulation degree and source apportionment of trace metals in smaller than 63 μm road dust from the areas with different land uses: A case study of Xi'an, China. The Science of the total environment. 2018;636:1211-8.
  28. Charmzan M, Ismaili R, Mohammadi M, Moradnejad Hesari and presenting the best interpolation model in the spatial distribution of suspended particles smaller than 2.5 microns in Mashhad. Journal of Environmental Health Research. 2021; 7 (Persian).
  29. Rastegari M, Iftikhar A, Ghazi S, Pirhadi L. Zoning of the average concentration of particulate pollutants with a diameter of less than ten microns in Tehran using GIS in the years 1384 to 1394. Fifth International Congress on Agricultural Development, Natural Resources, Environment and Tourism of Iran:; 1400 (Persian).
  30. Soleimani A, Solgi A, Ashrafi Kh, Jafari R. Investigation of the relationship between the concentration of suspended particles (PM (2.5)) and the optical depth of fine dust (AOD) and meteorological parameters in Khuzestan province. 8th International Conference on Agricultural Sciences, Environment, Urban and Rural Development: 2021. (Persian).
  31. Cusack M, Arrieta JM, Duarte CM. Source Apportionment and Elemental Composition of Atmospheric Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) Over the Red Sea Coast of Saudi Arabia. Earth Systems and Environment. 2020;4(4):777-88.
  32. Jafarzadeh Haghighi Na, Rafiei M, Khaksar A, Khodabakhshi L. Determining the outdoor air quality of the National Iranian Steel Industrial Group in Ahvaz in terms of suspended particles. 11th National Conference on Environmental Health of Iran 2008 (Persian).
  33. Live my poison. Guide for calculating, determining and announcing the air quality index. Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services.35. (Persian).
  34. Venkataraman C, Brauer M, Tibrewal K, Sadavarte P, Ma Q, Cohen A, et al. Source influence on emission pathways and ambient PM2.5 pollution over India (2015–2050). Atmos Chem Phys. 2018;18(11):8017-39.
  35. Ali Taleshi M, Moin Al-Dini M, Faiznia S, Shahbazi R, Squizato A. Characterization and origin of heavy metal pollution in atmospheric precipitated dust particles in Tehran in 1397. Journal of Environmental Health Research. 2020; 6 (1): 56-69. (Persian).
  36. Prasad S, Yadav KK, Kumar S, Gupta N, Cabral-Pinto MMS, Rezania S, et al. Chromium contamination and effect on environmental health and its remediation: A sustainable approaches. Journal of Environmental Management. 2021;285:112174.
  37. GracePavithra K, Jaikumar V, Kumar PS, SundarRajan P. A review on cleaner strategies for chromium industrial wastewater: Present research and future perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019;228:580-93.
  38. Kamani H, Hosseini M, Safari Gh, Mahvi Ah, Zarei H. Factors affecting the concentration of heavy metals in rainfall in Tehran by factor analysis. 1394 (Persian).
  39. Taghizadeh and, Kazemi and. Biological monitoring of heavy metal concentrations in Arak metropolis. Journal of Environmental Health Research. 2019; 5 (1): 31-42 (Persian).
Journal of Research in Environmental Health
Volume 8, Issue 2 - Serial Number 30
Summer 2022
Pages 136-147