Maryam Charmzan; Reza Esmaili; Mitra Mohammadi; Vahid Moradnezadhesare
Abstract
AbstractBackground and Aim:Air pollution is one of the most important environmental problems in the last century that threatens human health and particulate matter is one of the deadliest types of air pollution.This study was done to choose the best interpolation algorithm in the spatial distribution ...
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AbstractBackground and Aim:Air pollution is one of the most important environmental problems in the last century that threatens human health and particulate matter is one of the deadliest types of air pollution.This study was done to choose the best interpolation algorithm in the spatial distribution of PM2.5 suspended particles in Mashhad in 1395by different spatial models.Material and Methods: PM2.5 particulate concentrations was collected from 21 active air quality measuring stations in different parts of Mashhad and IDW, Ordinary Kriging (OK) and Universal Kriging (UK) interpolation models were evaluated to spatially investigate the air pollution situation in Mashhad. The root mean square error (RMSE) was used to compare the models and select the best model, and the Standardized RMSE was used to choose the most optimal conditions for running the OK and UK models.Results: The results showed that the highest seasonal average of PM2.5 pollutants in 1395 was related to autumn (40.84 µg/m3) and the lowest was related to spring (27.78 µg/m3). Also, the east to north area of Mashhad is in a more unfavorable situation in pollution concentration than the western areas of the city. Comparison of models using RMSE index also showed that OK model due to having the lowest amount of RMSE for seasonal average and annual concentration of suspended particles PM2.5 has a lower error in the predicted values than the measurement, so it has better conditions for intermediation.Conclusion: This research eventually led to the production of maps of PM2.5 Pollutants situation in the whole city of Mashhad, which is very useful in order to identify high-risk areas in the city and use useful measures to reduce air pollution in those areas.
Mohammad Ebrahim Fazel Valipour
Abstract
AbstractBackground and Aim: Heavy metals contamination of soils is one of the main environmental problems. Heavy metals are considered as one most dangerous groups of pollutants because of their toxicity and stability. The biological and ecological importance of heavy metals is due to their characteristics ...
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AbstractBackground and Aim: Heavy metals contamination of soils is one of the main environmental problems. Heavy metals are considered as one most dangerous groups of pollutants because of their toxicity and stability. The biological and ecological importance of heavy metals is due to their characteristics of polluting, their toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of heavy metals in region Dehnow Shandiz (North West of mashhad).Materials and Methods: In the present study, 20 soil samples (10-30 cm depth) collected and total concentration of As, Cd, Co, Cr and Ni were measured using Atomic absorption spectrophotometer device. Also, some other soil properties including PH, Organic carbon, CEC and soil texture proportions were measured.Results: The results showed that the average concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cr and Ni in the study area were 10.87, 0.26, 14.8, 56.6 and 68.2 mg/kg respectively. Also the results of statistical analysis showed that the standard deviations of As, Cd, Co, Cr and Ni in the study area were 1.97, 0.16, 1.32, 19.47 and 17.39 respectively.Conclusion: The results indicate that the average concentration of Ni in the soil of study area were higher than the standard of the Environmental Protection Organization of Iran and As, Cd, Co and Cr were lower than the standard. The presence of serpentinite soils has increased the concentration of nickel in the region.Document Type: Research article
Masoud Yosefi; Faria Hasanzadeh; Adeleh Tabatabei Zadeh; Hamid Reza Naderi; Majid Khadem Rezaiyan
Abstract
Abstract Background and Aim: Nosocomial infections have always been one of the major health problems, and it is becoming increasingly important and a challenge for the health system of different countries. In this study, the contamination in the environment and equipment of two hospitals of Mashhad were ...
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Abstract Background and Aim: Nosocomial infections have always been one of the major health problems, and it is becoming increasingly important and a challenge for the health system of different countries. In this study, the contamination in the environment and equipment of two hospitals of Mashhad were studied. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in two academic hospitals. The sampling method was convenient based on policy of infection control committee of each hospital. Environmental samples were collected from water, sink, patient bed and incubators. Samples were cultured in bacterial culture media and phenotypically identified. . Results: Out of 323 samples, 272 (84.2%) were from Qaem Hospital and 51 (15.8%) from Imam Reza Hospital. Overall, 47.1% of samples of Imam Ghaem hospital (128 samples) and 33.3% of samples of Imam Reza hospital (17 samples) were positive (p = 0.071). Overall, the most prevalent organisms were Bacillus (54 samples, 16.7%) followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis (22 samples, 6.8%) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (16 samples, 0.5%). Others were consisted of Acinetobacter, Enterobacter and pseudomonas spp. Conclusion: Bacillus species have a high persistence in the environment due to Sporulation and their removal will be an indicator of proper environmental health. The presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria in the hospital environment reveals the importance of environmental health control and monitoring programs.
Hossein Alidadi; Seyedeh Blin Tavakoli Sani; Batoul Zarif gharaati oftadeh; Mohammad Tafaghodi; Seyed Hossein Shams Zadeh; Maryam Fakhari; Ali Asghar Navaei Fezabady; Mohsen Yazdani
Abstract
Background and objectives: Corrosion and Scaling in distribution network pipes is one of the most important indices in water quality evaluation and one of the most common environmental phenomena that deteriorate water quality, color, odor, taste and also increases the concentration of heavy metals in ...
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Background and objectives: Corrosion and Scaling in distribution network pipes is one of the most important indices in water quality evaluation and one of the most common environmental phenomena that deteriorate water quality, color, odor, taste and also increases the concentration of heavy metals in water. Corrosion causes entry of bye-products to water and decreases pipe life and sedimentation, reduces the flow rate and the efficiency of valves and fittings. The purpose of this study was to determine the corrosion or Scaling state of drinking water in Mashhad in 2017. Material and methods: In this study, 72 samples were taken during 2017 to evaluate water quality characteristics, and analyzed based on the standard methods. Then, three indices including Langlier, Ryznar and Aggressiveness Indices were programmed in Excel software and based on this, Corrosion and scaling potential of drinking water were determined. Results: Results showed that the averages of Langlier, Ryznar and Aggressiveness Indices for water were 0.14±0.48, 6.67±0.38 and 12.23±0.23, respectively. According to the Langlier and Ryznar indices, 86.1% of total samples had low scaling potential and according to Aggressive index 97.2% of total samples had scaling. Also, the results showed that 58.33% of the samples were low scaling in spring and other samples were high scaling. In addition, in the summer, 33.3% of the total samples were high scaling and other samples were low scaling. Conclusion: The results showed that drinking water of Mashhad city was Scaling. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to control scaling in distribution network pipes, especially in areas located in high scaling zones.
Ali Pakfetrat; Ali Sajjadi; Aliakbar Dehghan
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Background & Objectives: At present, one of the most important environmental issues is dental solid wastes due to its high contents of toxic, pathogen and hazardous agents. The aim of this study was to analyze the quantity and quality of dental solid waste in dental centers of Mashhad.
Materials ...
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ABSTRACT
Background & Objectives: At present, one of the most important environmental issues is dental solid wastes due to its high contents of toxic, pathogen and hazardous agents. The aim of this study was to analyze the quantity and quality of dental solid waste in dental centers of Mashhad.
Materials & Methods:In this descriptive study, 40 dental centers were studied. From each dental center, three samples were taken and analyzed at the successive working days (Sunday, Monday and Tuesday). The samples were manually sorted into 64 different components and measured by digital scale. Then, measured components were classified on the basis of characteristic and hazardous potential as well as material type. Obtained data were analyzed using a descriptive statistics software, SPSS 16.
Results:According to the results, total produced wastes in dental centers in Mashhad were 224.137 kg/day. Per capita and the average generation rate of each dental center were 106.32 g/day-patient and 5603 g/day, respectively. Potential infectious, domestic-type, chemical & pharmaceutical, and toxic wastes consisted of 41.24, 44.17, 9.89, and 4.7% of the generated waste, respectively.
Conclusion: Regarding optimal dental waste management, it is suggested that education of dentists should be done to learn waste reduction, separation and recycling in the offices along with separately collection and disposal of separated fractions of dental solid wastes according to the enacted instructions.
Keywords: Dental solid waste, Potential infectious waste, Domestic-type waste, Chemical &pharmaceutical waste, Mashhad.
Elham Asrari; Maryam Paydar
Abstract
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Air pollution problem in metropolitan’s city is made by different sources of pollutants. The proportion of air pollutants’ emissions have been increased in many cities of Iran such as Mashhad. This study aimed to investigate the relationships ...
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Abstract
Background and Purpose: Air pollution problem in metropolitan’s city is made by different sources of pollutants. The proportion of air pollutants’ emissions have been increased in many cities of Iran such as Mashhad. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between the trend of particular matter concentration changes and metrological parameters in the atmosphere of Mashhad.
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross - sectional study, data including temperature, sunny hours, precipitation, evaporation, moisture, speed and direction of wind were collected from 11 monitoring stations of air pollutants and Metrologic synoptic stations in Mashhad during 2010-2016. Daily average concentrations of PM10 of PM2.5) were calculated, and then relationships between pollutants and metrological data analyzed by Spss18 software.
Findings: The results showed that the maximum concentrations of particle matter occurred in October and autumn season. Numbers of unhealthy days were increased during the years of 2011-2013, decreased in 2014 - 2015 and increased again in 2016. The variations of PM10 and PM2.5 are significant with season, month and year (P <0.001). PM10 was directly related to temperature and evaporation (r=0.095). Also, there was a reverse relation among humidity and rainfall. A reverse relationship was observed between PM2.5 concentration and minimum temperature, sunny days, rainfall and wind speed; however, it was directly related to wind direction.
Conclusion: According to the obtained results in the autumn and October, the highest concentration of particulate matter was observed. Also, GIS maps showed that eastern and relatively center of Mashhad is more polluted than other areas.
Keywords: Air pollution, Mashhad, PM2.5, PM10, Meteorology data
Damon Ketabi; Reza Esmaili; Hosein Alidadi; Roya Peirovi; Fatemeh Joulaei
Abstract
Background and Objective: Air pollution is one of the current concerns. Human health has been faced with serious risks due to air pollution as a consequence of urbanization. Continuous monitoring of air quality to determine pollutants and identify their emissions sources are considered as the key strategies ...
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Background and Objective: Air pollution is one of the current concerns. Human health has been faced with serious risks due to air pollution as a consequence of urbanization. Continuous monitoring of air quality to determine pollutants and identify their emissions sources are considered as the key strategies for air pollution control. The main objective of this study was evaluation of Mashhad air quality and determination of responsible pollutants in 2015. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the instantaneous concentrations of air pollutants including O3, CO, SO2, NO2, PM2.5 and PM10 were measured at the three stations of Mashhad during 2015-2016. Based on Air Quality Index (AQI), Mashhad air quality was classified in groups of good, moderate, unhealthy for the sensitive people, unhealthy, very unhealthy and dangerous. Results: The results of the air quality index indicated that the air quality in 46 days was exceeded the standard limit in Mashhad in 2015-2016. The air quality category included 12.5% days unhealthy for sensitive groups, 74.5% days health. Conclusion: In this study, PM2.5 was determined as the main responsible pollutant in non-standard conditions of Mashhad air. Optimizing public transportation, considering environmental standards at the urban transportation management and Launch intelligent traffic control are the most appropriate strategies proposed to control Mashhad air pollution.
Lida Jarahi; Afsaneh Tayarani Bathaee; Majid Reza Erfanian Taghvayi
Abstract
Background & objective : Because of the diversity in biological conditions on areas with high prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis, providing a specific way for controlling disease in all areas is not impractical, so anselection of appropriate disease prevention method for preventing diseases ...
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Background & objective : Because of the diversity in biological conditions on areas with high prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis, providing a specific way for controlling disease in all areas is not impractical, so anselection of appropriate disease prevention method for preventing diseases should be selected regardingaccording to the special conditions of each area. This study investigated the effect of physical environment conditions conditions based on the prevalence of cetaceous leishmaniasis in hyperendemic areas in Mashhad, Iran. Materials & Methods: This census study ,with a survey of 2,491 households, were carried out by applying a checklist and observations to evaluate the physical environment conditions and epidemiological factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in hyperendemic areas in Mashhad in 2012. Data analysis was done with SPSS11.5 software by Chi-square test, and Pvalue less than 0.5 was considered significant. Results: The highest prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis was in age group of 10-29 years, in students, college students and housewives people. Poor sanitation, existence of unused land and construction debris near the house and inappropriate yard floor covering (, by creating the suitable circumstances for proliferation sandflies) , had a significant relationship with prevalence of leishmaniasis. Building Cconstruction site near the people residence by itself didwas not show a significant difference in patients groups and healthy individuals Conclusion: If there is no accumulation of construction debris, construction by alone have not important effect ion increasing leishmaniasis. Public education. itself has no important effectPublic notification for increasing the awareness of residents of in hyperendemic areas about physical environment risk factors and training of environmental health actions such as rapid collection removal of construction debris and suitable yard flooring can lead to lower prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis with the intervention in sandflies living place.