Saeed Motesaddi Zarandi; Rasul Nasiri; Mahtab Ahmadi
Abstract
Background and purpose: The environmental sustainability is a requirement for modern urban transportation systems. Selecting the appropriate option for the public transport in any urban system does not lead only to the sustainable urban transportation development, but will adapt planning process to its ...
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Background and purpose: The environmental sustainability is a requirement for modern urban transportation systems. Selecting the appropriate option for the public transport in any urban system does not lead only to the sustainable urban transportation development, but will adapt planning process to its people's characteristics and encourage the people to use it by increasing its productivity. Therefore, this study aims to assess the environmental effect of developing an electric public transport system in Tehran.Materials and Methods: In this study, after obtaining the documented and published data, including (books, transportation articles, and obtaining transportation statistics of Tehran from the bus companies and Municipal Transportation and Traffic Organization), AHP-TOPSSIS method was used to select the best option for developing the public transportation in Tehran.Results: The results showed that the option of implementing an electric transportation system with the private sector investment and government facilities (0.5798), using the electric transport systems in city center (0.3972), converting BRTs to electricity (0.2886), and non - implementation option (0.2672), respectively, had the highest and lowest priority among the development methods of public transport systems in Tehran.Conclusions: To eliminate the use of fossil fuels in near distant future to prevent the climate change and eliminate environmental pollution from fossil fuels, Tehran's urban transportation system should be implemented to eliminate the fossil fuels, develop and transform its fleet into the electrical systems
Seyed Amir Hosseini Largani; Shahin Rafiee; Seyed Saeed Mohtasebi
Abstract
AbstractBackground and Aim: The impact of various types of waste produced in the system, transportation and treatment of waste, and diversity of pollutants due to waste collection are some standard problems that communities, including Iran, are straggling with. The city of Tehran, as the capital of Iran, ...
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AbstractBackground and Aim: The impact of various types of waste produced in the system, transportation and treatment of waste, and diversity of pollutants due to waste collection are some standard problems that communities, including Iran, are straggling with. The city of Tehran, as the capital of Iran, produces more than 7,000 tons of waste per day, and if this volume of waste is not properly managed, it will release excessive emissions into the environment.Materials and methods: In this research, a superstructure model for solid waste management was presented, with an approach to achieve the maximum avoided emissions. Optimization was done by normalizing the output of the emissions and then categorizing and sorting the data.Results: We examined 31250 different scenarios and based on the obtained results, the best scenario in terms of emission optimization was scenario 21303. Based on this scenario, organic materials, paper, and wood undergo anaerobic digestion while plastics, glass, and metals enter a recycling system. In this case, the amount of emissions avoided is equal to -837027 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent per day.Conclusion: Anaerobic digestion of organic materials, paper, and wood and recycling of plastics, glass, and iron can be selected as a sustainable model for the current waste management system in Tehran. In this case, the amount of emission avoided will be very high and it can be considered the best environmentally friendly option.Keywords: Superstructure, Optimization, Waste Management, Emissions, Tehran
Mohammad Saleh Ali Taleshi; Mazaher Moeinaddini; Sadat Feiznia; Reza Shahbazi; Stefania Squizzato
Abstract
Background and purpose: Atmospheric dust particles play a significant role in the transfer of chemical elements released from industrial and urban sources. So that the contaminants attached to these particles, can be transported over long distances and are as a function of meteorological conditions, ...
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Background and purpose: Atmospheric dust particles play a significant role in the transfer of chemical elements released from industrial and urban sources. So that the contaminants attached to these particles, can be transported over long distances and are as a function of meteorological conditions, the physical and chemical properties and nature of surface. The aim of this study was to evaluate the metal richness and degree of heavy metal contamination in atmospheric deposited dust in Tehran. Material and methods: Atmospheric dust samples were collected from eight locations in Tehran in 2018. Heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Mn and Al) were analyzed in dust using ICP-MS. Metal richness and degree of contamination were determined using Enrichment Factor (EF), Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), degree of Contamination (Cd) and modified degree of contamination (mCd). Paired t-test, Pearson correlation and Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were also used for analysis. Results: The mean concentration trend of elements in the warm and cold seasons was similar as Al>Zn>Mn>Pb>Cu>Cr>Ni. Results of enrichment factor index in atmospheric deposited dust showed that Pb and Zn in warm season and Pb and Cu in cold season were highly enriched. Paired t-test results showed a significant difference between Cu and Cr between seasons. Cluster analysis also showed Al of natural origin and other elements of anthropogenic origin. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that atmospheric deposited dust particles of Tehran have high levels of contamination especially in cold season. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate more effective and practical policies to improve Tehran’s air quality.
Shahrokh Nazmara; fatemeh eslami; mehdi salari; Alireza beheshti; Mohsen Yazdani avval
Abstract
Background & objective: People commonly spend, on average, 5-6% of their time in a day in enclosed vehicles. Smoking in vehicles with little volume can result in potential harmful effects on children and other passengers. This study aimed to evaluate the concentrations of suspended particles produced ...
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Background & objective: People commonly spend, on average, 5-6% of their time in a day in enclosed vehicles. Smoking in vehicles with little volume can result in potential harmful effects on children and other passengers. This study aimed to evaluate the concentrations of suspended particles produced from smoking and the exposer time of passengers to the produced smoke. Materials & Methods: This cross–sectional study was performed in Tehran, 2014. The exposure to cigarette smoke was measured using Grimm11-A device that had 16 entrances with different sizes from 0.3 to 20 µm. The studied vehicle was Pejo 405 , andwindows condition were as following: 1 back window open, 2 back windows open, 1 front window open, 2 front windows open, 2 front and 1 back windows open, 4 windows open and 4 windows close. SPSS 16 software was used to make statistical analysis ( one-way ANOVA (p<0/05)). Results: Numerical concentrations of particles in small size row (PM2.5) were several LOGs higher than larger sizes row. In addition, it was observed that exposure time to particles in small size row had significant difference with large size row. The maximum exposure concentrations with a p-value<0.05, and the maximum exposure time with a p-valueConclusion: According to the gained results, the largest portion of cigarette smoke particles in vehicles belonged to the PM2.5. Different conditions of windows in their opened and closed states can be effective on ventilation. So that the more numbers of windows are opened the greater ventilation will occure. Generally, because of the limit space of vehicles and high exposure concentrations, the enactment of cigarette smoking prohibition legislation seems to be necessary.
Alireza Ehsanzadeh; Farhad Nejadkoorki; Sattar Khodadoostan
Abstract
Background & objectives: Air particulate matters which have natural and human made origins have significant effects on the climate, the environment and human health. Several epidemiological studies have shown a direct relationship among the concentrations of suspended particles with different ...
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Background & objectives: Air particulate matters which have natural and human made origins have significant effects on the climate, the environment and human health. Several epidemiological studies have shown a direct relationship among the concentrations of suspended particles with different adverse health effects. The general purpose of this research was to determine the most important parameters affecting on the concentration of PM10 in Tajrish station (Tehran) and develop an estimator model for PM10. Materials & methods: In this study, a model is constructed using principal component regression (PCR) for the relationship between the hourly concentration of particulate matter smaller than 10 microns with meteorological parameters (WD, WS, T, P, H) and air pollution parameters (CO, NO2, SO2, NOx, NMHC, THC) in Tajrish station (Tehran). The results of the performance evaluation of PCR model were measured in training and testing stages using RMSE, MAE, R and IA as statistical indicators. Results: The results of principal components import into multiple regression model showed that the most important variable affecting on the concentrations of PM10, are air temperature and the wind speed. Also, CO and SO2 emissions were known as synergic factors for PM10 concentration. The results showed that PCR model is able to estimate 41% of PM10 concentrations in the testing. Conclusion: The principal components regression analysis showed that meteorological parameters are one of most important factors affecting on the reduction of PM10 concentration in Tajrish station (Tehran).
Mohammad Hadi Dehghani; Kamal Azam; Azam Mohammadi
Abstract
Background and objective: the role of swimming pools as a useful and interesting sport is obvious to everyone, which its curable aspect has been considered these days. On the other hand, we should not reject the possible threats of this sport. So, the purpose of this research is to consider the quality ...
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Background and objective: the role of swimming pools as a useful and interesting sport is obvious to everyone, which its curable aspect has been considered these days. On the other hand, we should not reject the possible threats of this sport. So, the purpose of this research is to consider the quality of swimming pools, Whirl pool and cool water basin in Tehran. Methods: in this descriptive- analytic inquiry which has been done in first six months of 1392, in 12, 13, 14 and 15 areas of Tehran municipality and within two parts, studied 27 active lidded swimming pools. At first stage, it has been got samples from all these pools and at the next stage, it has been got renewed samples after presenting suitable ways and instruction to the liable of swimming pools which have been polluted at first stage. All the stages of sampling, transferring to the lab and analyzing of samples from the aspects of remained free color quantity, PH, microbial contamination has done based on standard methods of water and sewer tests. Results: the results show the amount of remained free color at National standard limit of minimum 0 and maximum 4(1-3mg/L) in 48% of samples. 76/1% had standard pH(7.2-8) and also Heterotrophic bacteria of all samples were in a good situation. Conclusion: this study showed the most microbial contamination part was whirl pools and cool water basins in which the amount of remained free color was not on standard extent. Also, in renewed getting samples from pools which were contaminated at first stage of tests, all samples were lack of microbial contamination after considering necessary preparation by liable of swimming pools and giving structures by environmental hygiene inspectors of east hygiene center. Paper Type: Research Article